Download or read book A Mechanism for Encouraging Innovation written by Michael Kremer and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Patent Buy outs written by Michael Kremer and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1839, the French government purchased the patent on the Daguerreotype process and placed it in the public domain. This paper examines a mechanism under which governments would use an auction to estimate the private value of patents and then offer to buy out patents at this private value, times a fixed markup. The markup would correspond to the estimated typical ratio of the social and private values of inventions -- perhaps two. Most patents purchased would be placed in the public domain, but in order to induce bidders to reveal their valuations patents would be sold to the highest bidder. Such patent buy-outs could eliminate monopoly price distortions and incentives for wasteful reverse engineering, while raising private incentives for original research closer to their social value. However, patent buy-outs are potentially vulnerable to collusion. Patent buy-outs may be particularly appropriate for pharmaceuticals.

Download or read book Entrepreneurship Innovation and the Growth Mechanism of the Free Enterprise Economies written by Eytan Sheshinski and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-03-09 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How much credit can be given to entrepreneurship for the unprecedented innovation and growth of free-enterprise economies? In this book, some of the world's leading economists tackle this difficult and understudied question, and their responses shed new light on how free-market economies work--and what policies most encourage their growth. The contributors take as their starting point William J. Baumol's 2002 book The Free-Market Innovation Machine (Princeton), which argued that independent entrepreneurs are far more important to growth than economists have traditionally thought, and that an implicit partnership between such entrepreneurs and large corporations is critical to the success of market economies. The contributors include the editors and Robert M. Solow, Kenneth J. Arrow, Michael M. Weinstein, Douglass C. North, Barry R. Weingast, Ying Lowrey, Nathan Rosenberg, Melissa A. Schilling, Corey Phelps, Sylvia Nasar, Boyan Jovanovic, Peter L. Rousseau, Edward N. Wolff, Deepak Somaya, David J. Teece, Naomi R. Lamoreaux, Kenneth L. Sokoloff, Yochanan Shachmurove, Ralph E. Gomory, Jonathan Eaton, Samuel S. Kortum, Alan S. Blinder, Robert J. Shiller, Burton G. Malkiel, and Edmund S. Phelps.

Download or read book Exploring the Trust and Innovation Mechanisms in M A of China s State Owned Enterprises with Mixed Ownership written by Yan Wang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-20 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is dedicated to strategic management research relating to China’s SOE. As China’s economic system of the day is featured by mixed ownership, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), under the New Normal of economic backdrop, are devoted to exploring the reform of stock resources reorganization, one of which is through mergers and acquisitions (M&A). This book explores the key points and difficulties in the successful reform of Chinese enterprises with mixed ownership by focusing on trust and innovation and by widely covering normative research, index evaluation system, game theory and empirical research with case study. It is significant for evaluating the reform of SOE in China by integrating the informal institutional aspects into the formal one and understanding the leading role of SOE in China’s economic development.

Download or read book A Patent System for the 21st Century written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-10-01 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. patent system is in an accelerating race with human ingenuity and investments in innovation. In many respects the system has responded with admirable flexibility, but the strain of continual technological change and the greater importance ascribed to patents in a knowledge economy are exposing weaknesses including questionable patent quality, rising transaction costs, impediments to the dissemination of information through patents, and international inconsistencies. A panel including a mix of legal expertise, economists, technologists, and university and corporate officials recommends significant changes in the way the patent system operates. A Patent System for the 21st Century urges creation of a mechanism for post-grant challenges to newly issued patents, reinvigoration of the non-obviousness standard to quality for a patent, strengthening of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, simplified and less costly litigation, harmonization of the U.S., European, and Japanese examination process, and protection of some research from patent infringement liability.

Download or read book Transformation of Higher Education in Innovation Systems in China and Finland written by Yuzhuo Cai and published by University of Tampere. This book was released on 2014 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book publishes selected papers of the 2nd Sino-Finland Higher Education Forum – Transformation of Higher Education in Innovation Systems in China and Finland, held in Tampere, Finland in 2011. The Forum was jointly organised by the University of Tampere, University of Helsinki, Peking University and Beijing University of Technology. The aim was to bring the higher education researchers, policy makers, administrators and other experts together to exchange experiences and views and to explore current challenges of the role of higher education in innovation systems with a particular focus on China and Finland. Ideally, new ideas and best practices could be found by comparing the systems and the policies. The papers selected from the forum are categorised into six sections, namely 1) Theoretical insights and emerging practices, 2) Finnish experiences, 3) Chinese higher education systems, 4) Roles of universities in innovation systems in China, 5) Transformations in Chinese higher education, 6) Comparative perspectives and cooperation between the two countries. The book is intended for researchers, administrators, policy makers as well as students of higher education policy and administration.

Download or read book Engineering Innovation and Design written by Artde Donald Kin-Tak Lam and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-05-31 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume represents the proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Innovation, Communication and Engineering (ICICE 2018), which was held in P.R. China, November 9-14, 2018. The conference aimed to provide an integrated communication platform for researchers in a wide range of fields including information technology, communication science, applied mathematics, computer science, advanced material science, and engineering. Hopefully, the conference and resulting proceedings will enhance interdisciplinary collaborations between science and engineering technologists in academia and industry within this unique international network.

Download or read book Mechanisms to Enable Follow On Innovation written by Alina Wernick and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-13 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The patent system is based on "one-patent-per-product" presumption and therefore fails to sustain complex follow-on innovations that contain a number of patents. The book explains that follow-on innovations may be subject to market failures such as hold-ups and excessive royalties. For decades, scholars have debated whether the market problems can be solved with voluntary licensing i.e., open innovation, or with compulsory liability rules. The book concludes that neither approach is sufficient. On the one hand, incentives to engage in open innovation practices involving patents are insufficient. On the other hand, the existing compulsory liability rules in patent and competition law are not tailored to address follow-on innovator's interests. To transcend this problem, the author proposes a compulsory liability rule against the suppression of follow-on innovation, that paradoxically, fosters early-on voluntary licensing between patent holders and follow-on innovators. The book is aimed at patent and competition law scholars and practitioners, patent attorneys, managers, engineers and economists who either engage in open innovation involving patents or conduct research on the topic. It also offers insights to policy and law-makers reviewing the possibilities to foster open innovation initiatives or adapt the scope of patent remedies or employ compulsory licenses for patents.

Download or read book Creativity innovation and entrepreneurship the learning science towards higher order abilities written by Zehui Zhan and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-01-03 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Intellectual Property and Innovation Protection written by Rémi Lallement and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-11-01 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses the various ways in which intellectual property (IP) operates in relation to innovation activity. It reflects on the “classical” issues of the IP system related to the necessity of protecting risky and often costly investments undertaken by firms and others players involved in the innovation process. Beyond this, it stresses the numerous challenges addressed by contemporary technological and societal change, especially in a world where the digital revolution is rapidly transforming the way in which innovation is organized. In this context, the new corporate IP and innovation practices call for responses on the part of public policies.

Download or read book Handbook of the Economics of Innovation written by Bronwyn H. Hall and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-05-14 with total page 803 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economists examine the genesis of technological change and the ways we commercialize and diffuse it. The economics of property rights and patents, in addition to industry applications, are also surveyed through literature reviews and predictions about fruitful research directions. Two volumes, available as a set or sold separately Expert articles consider the best ways to establish optimal incentives in technological progress Science and innovation, both their theories and applications, are examined at the intersections of the marketplace, policy, and social welfare Economists are only part of an audience that includes attorneys, educators, and anyone involved in new technologies

Download or read book Innovation Policy and the Economy written by Adam B. Jaffe and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays on the interactions between public policy and innovation.

Download or read book Promoting Innovation In New Ventures And Small And Medium sized Enterprises written by Tidd Joe and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2017-09-15 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the pioneering work scholars such as Joseph Schumpeter and Peter Drucker, the fields of innovation and entrepreneurship have evolved to become two separate and distinct disciplines. Schumpeter 1 focused on the contributions of entrepreneurial startups and smaller firms, whereas Schumpeter 2 emphasized the role of formal research, development and industrial innovation in larger firms. Unfortunately, the study and practice of each field has suffered as a result: entrepreneurship has become preoccupied with individual entrepreneurs and small business creation, and innovation is dominated by corporate R&D and new product development. Promoting Innovation in New Ventures and Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) aims to bridge these two fields by examining innovation in new ventures and SMEs. This book identifies themes which can reunite the study and practice of entrepreneurship and innovation by examining a potentially bridging phenomenon. The focus here is on high growth, innovative SMEs, and the interactions between SMEs and larger organizations, private and public. It is organized around three overlapping themes: SME innovation performance, practices and networks. Contents: Introduction (Joe Tidd)SME Innovation and Performance: Innovation and Growth in the city Region: Microeconomic Evidence of Asymmetries (David Devins, George Lodorfos, Ioannis Kostopoulos and Don Webber)Innovation and Organizational Size in Irish SMES: An Empirical Study (Rodney McAdam, Renee S Reid and David A Gibson)Effects of Product Innovation and Organizational Capabilities on Competitive Advantage: Evidence from UK Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises (Ana Christina O Siqueira and Andy D Cosh)Intellectual Capital, Innovation and Performance: Empirical Evidence from SMEs (Karl-Heinz Leitner)Fast-Growing SMEs and the Role of Innovation (Christina Grundström, Roland Sjöström, Anders Uddenberg and Anna Öhrwall Rönnbäck)Perceived Competition and Innovative Intentions in Dutch Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (Jeroen P J De Jong)The Impact of Environmental Uncertainty Dimensions on Organizational Innovativeness: An Empirical Study on SMEs (Cevahir Uzkurt, Rachna Kumar, Halil Semih Kimzan and Hanife Sert)SME Practices for Innovation: A Model of Organizational Innovation Implementation Effectiveness in Small to Medium Firms (Sukanlaya Sawang and Kerrie L Unsworth)A Study of Organizational Determinants and Innovation Practices in Dubai SMEs (Yahya Al-Ansari, Jun Xu and Simon Pervan)Perspectives on Innovation Management of Ecuadorian Companies: Empirical Evidence (Guillermo Javier Diaz-Villavicencio, Simone Didonet and Alexander Dodd)The Relationship between Top Management Team Innovation Orientation and Firm Growth: The Mediating Role of Firm Innovativeness (Nils D Kraiczy, Andreas Hack, Franz W Kellermanns)Organizational Learning, Non-Technical Innovation and Customer Satisfaction of SMEs (Dimitrios Kafetzopoulos and Evangelos Psomas)What's Small Size Got to do with it? Protection of Intellectual Assets in SMEs (Heidi Olander, Pia Hurmelinna-Laukkanen and Jukka Mahonen)SME Networks for Open Innovation: Governance of Innovation and Growth in SME Networks (Tove Brink)Knowledge Inflows from Market- and Science-Based Actors, Absorptive Capacity, Innovation and Performance: A Study of SMEs (Graciela Corral de Zubielqui, Janice Jones and Laurence Lester)Understanding Relationships between Universities and SMEs in Emerging High Technology Industries: The Case of Opto-Electronics (Chris Hendry, Ja

Download or read book Innovation Policy in a Knowledge Based Economy written by Patrick Llerena and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-16 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Patrick Llerena and Mireille Matt BETA, Strasbourg, E-mail: pllerena@coumot. u-strasbg. fr BETA, Strasbourg, E-mail: matt@coumot. u-strasbg. fr 0. 1 Why Analyze Innovation Policies From a Knowledge- Based Perspective? It is broadly accepted that we have moved (or are moving) to a knowled- based economy, characterized at least by two main features: that knowl edge is a major factor in economic growth, and innovation processes are systemic by nature. It is not surprising that this change in the economic paradigm requires new analytical foundations for innovation policies. One of the purposes of this book is to make suggestions as to what they should include. Underpinning all the chapters in this book is a conviction of the impor tance of dynamic and systemic approaches to innovation policy. Nelson (1959)^ and Arrow (1962)^ saw innovation and the creation of new knowl edge as the emergence and the diffusion of new information, characterized essentially as a public good. The more recent theoretical literature regarded the rationale for innovation policies as being to provide solutions to "mar ket failures". Today, however, knowledge is seen as multidimensional (tacit vs. codified) and open to interpretation. Acknowledging that the creation, coordination and diffusion of knowledge are dynamic and cumu lative processes, and that innovation processes result from the coordination of distributed knowledge, renders the "market failure" view of innovation policies obsolete. Innovation policies must be systemic and dynamic.

Download or read book Innovation Commons written by Jason Potts and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-07-02 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovation is among the most important topics in understanding economic sustained economic growth. Jason Potts argues that the initial stages of innovation require cooperation under uncertainty and draws from insights on the solving of commons problems to shed light on policies and conditions conducive to the creation of new firms and industries. The problems of innovation commons are overcome, Potts shows, when there are governance institutions that incentivize cooperation, thereby facilitating the pooling of distributed information, knowledge, and other inputs. The entrepreneurial discovery of an economic opportunity is thus an emergent institution resulting from the formation of a cooperative group, under conditions of extreme uncertainty, working toward the mutual purpose of opportunity discovery about a nascent technology or new idea. Among the problems commons address are those of the identity; cooperation; consent; monitoring; punishment; and independence. A commons is efficient compared to the creation of alternative economic institutions that involve extensive contracting and networks, private property rights and price signals, or public goods (i.e. firms, markets, and governments). In other words, the origin of innovation is not entrepreneurial action per se, but the creation of a common pool resource from which entrepreneurs can discover opportunities. Potts' framework draws on the evolutionary theory of cooperation and institutional theory of the commons. It also has important implications for understanding the origin of firms and industries, and for the design of innovation policy. Beginning with a discussion of problems of knowledge and coordination as well as their implications for common pool environments, the book then explores instances of innovation commons and the lifecycle of innovation, including increased institutionalization and rigidness. Potts also discusses the possible implications of the commons framework for policies to sustain innovation dynamics.

Download or read book Economics of Research and Innovation in Agriculture written by Petra Moser and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2021-10-08 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The challenges facing agriculture are plenty. Along with the world's growing population and diminishing amounts of water and arable land, the gradual increase in severe weather presents new challenges and imperatives for producing new, more resilient crops to feed a more crowded planet in the twenty-first century. Innovation has historically helped agriculture keep pace with earth's social, population, and ecological changes. In the last 50 years, mechanical, biological, and chemical innovations have more than doubled agricultural output while barely changing input quantities. The ample investment behind these innovations was available because of a high rate of return: a 2007 paper found that the median ROI in agriculture was 45 percent between 1965 and 2005. This landscape has changed. Today many of the world's wealthier countries have scaled back their share of GDP devoted to agricultural R&D amid evidence of diminishing returns. Universities, which have historically been a major source of agricultural innovation, increasingly depend on funding from industry rather than government to fund their research. As Upton Sinclair wrote of the effects industry influences, "It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends upon his not understanding it." In this volume of the NBER Conference Report series, editor Petra Moser offers an empirical, applied-economic framework to the different elements of agricultural R&D, particularly as they relate to the shift from public to private funding. Individual chapters examine the sources of agricultural knowledge and investigate challenges for measuring the returns to the adoption of new agricultural technologies, examine knowledge spillovers from universities to agricultural innovation, and explore interactions between university engagement and scientific productivity. Additional analysis of agricultural venture capital point to it as an emerging and future source of resource in this essential domain"--

Download or read book Innovation Intellectual Property and Economic Growth written by Christine Greenhalgh and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2010-01-24 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Christine Greenhalgh explains the complex process of innovation & how it sustains the growth of firms, industries & economies, combining microeconomic & macroeconomic analysis.