Download or read book A Measurement of Charged Particle Ratios at High Transverse Momentum in an Ultra relativistic Heavy Ion Collision written by Matthew Allen Horsley and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Relativistic Heavy ion Collisions written by Rudolph C. Hwa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Papers of the June 1989 meeting in Beijing by the China Center of Advanced Science and Technology. This small book covers nucleus- nucleus collisions, states of the vacuum, and highly relativistic heavy ions in the experimental realm. Theoretical papers deal with quark-gluon plasma, and relativistic heavy ion collisions. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Download or read book Studies of High Transverse Momentum Phenomena in Heavy Ion Collisions Using the PHOBOS Detector written by Edward Allen Wenger and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of high-pT particles as calibrated probes has proven to be an effective tool for understanding the properties of the system produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions. In this thesis, two such measurements are presented using the PHOBOS detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC): 1. The transverse momentum spectra of charged particles produced near mid rapidity in Cu+Cu collisions with center-of-mass energies of 62.4 and 200 GeV per nucleon pair 2. Two-particle correlations with a high transverse momentum trigger particle (pT> 2.5 GeV=c) in Au+Au collisions at ... 200 GeV over the broad longitudinal acceptance of the PHOBOS detector ... In central Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV, the single-particle yields are suppressed at high-pT by a factor of about five compared to p+p collisions scaled by the number of binary collisions. This is typically understood to be a consequence of energy loss by high-pT partons in the dense QCD medium, as such a suppression is absent in d+Au collisions. In Cu+Cu collisions, the nuclear modification factor, RAA, has been measured relative to p+p data as a function of collision centrality. For the same number of participating nucleons (Npart), RAA is essentially the same for the Cu+Cu and Au+Au systems over the measured range of pT, in spite of the significantly different geometries. At high-pT, the similarity between the two systems can be described by simple, geometric models of parton energy loss. Two-particle angular correlations are a more powerful tool for examining how highpT jets lose energy and how the medium is modified by the deposited energy. In central Au+Au collisions, particle production correlated with a high-pT trigger is strongly modified compared to p+p. Not only is the away-side yield much broader in, the nearside peak of jet fragments now sits atop an unmistakable 'ridge' of correlated partners extending continuously and undiminished all the way to = 4.

Download or read book Phenomenology Of Ultra relativistic Heavy ion Collisions written by Wojciech Florkowski and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2010-03-24 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives an introduction to main ideas used in the physics of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The links between basic theoretical concepts (discussed gradually from the elementary to more advanced level) and the results of experiments are outlined, so that experimentalists may learn more about the foundations of the models used by them to fit and interpret the data, while theoreticians may learn more about how different theoretical ideas are used in practical applications. The main task of the book is to collect the available information and establish a uniform picture of ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The properties of hot and dense matter implied by this picture are discussed comprehensively. In particular, the issues concerning the formation of the quark-gluon plasma in present and future heavy-ion experiments are addressed.

Download or read book Quasiparticle Anisotropic Hydrodynamics in Ultra relativistic Heavy ion Collisions written by Mubarak Aydh K. Alqahtani and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last century, matter was confirmed to be made up from molecules which consist of two atoms or more. The atom itself consists of a nucleus made of protons and neutrons, and electrons "circling'' around the nucleus. The number of electrons or protons distinguish different elements. Later on, protons and neutrons were found not to be elementary particles but rather composite particles. The question turned then to be what are protons and neutrons made of and this is the focus of elementary particle physics. According to the standard model, protons and neutrons are made up of quarks and gluons. The theory that describes quarks and gluons is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD). According to this theory, quarks and gluons can not be detected freely; they appear only inside hadrons but are never observed freely (confinement). However, at high temperatures and/or densities a transition may happen where quarks and gluons do not exist in bound states (hadrons) anymore but rather exist freely (the asymptotic freedom). This phase of the nuclear matter is known as the quark-gluon plasma (QGP).To learn more about the QCD phase diagram, mainly the confinement and de-confinement transition, many different experiments have been performed from fixed target experiments to high-energy heavy-ion collisions in almost three decades. The discovery of QGP came from ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision (URHIC) experiments. By ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, we mean heavy ions like gold or lead that have been accelerated to speeds which are close to the speed of light (the ion momentum is much larger than its rest mass). Nowadays, ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are being used to create and study the quark-gluon plasma. From the early days after confirming the existence of the QGP, relativistic hydrodynamics has been used to describe the hadron spectra and collective flow seen in these experiments and has been quite successful. Since then, different approaches have been developed to model the physics of the QGP. The first approach used was ideal hydrodynamics where the QGP is assumed to behave like a perfect fluid with no viscosity. However, improvements in both the experimental and theoretical sides demonstrated the importance of including dissipative (viscous) effects in QGP modeling. The resulting relativistic viscous hydrodynamics models have been quite successful in describing the data. Despite this success, studies found that the QGP generated in URHICs is a highly momentum-space anisotropic plasma which means that viscous hydrodynamics will break down in some situations. To take this into account, anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydro) was developed. In aHydro, one includes the momentum-space anisotropies in the distribution function at leading-order, whereas viscous hydrodynamics is expanded around the isotropic distribution function as the leading term and the viscous effects are included as correction terms. In this study, we present a new method for imposing a realistic equation of state in anisotropic hydrodynamics which is called quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP). In this method, we introduce a single finite-temperature quasiparticle mass which is fit to QCD lattice data. By taking moments of the Boltzmann equation assuming an anisotropic distribution function, we obtain a set of coupled partial differential equations which can be used to describe the 3+1d spacetime evolution of the QGP. Due to the numerical difficulties and the need to understand this new method more, instead of considering the 3+1d case immediately, we begin by studying two simpler cases. First, we specialize to the case of a 0+1d system undergoing boost-invariant Bjorken expansion and compare with the standard method of imposing the equation of state in anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydro). We find practically no differences between the two methods results for the temperature evolution and the scaled energy density. When we compare the pressure anisotropy, we see only small differences, however, we find significant differences in the evolution of the bulk pressure correction. Second, we present the results in azimuthally-symmetric boost-invariant (1+1d) systems and compare the quasiparticle model with the standard aHydro model and second order viscous hydrodynamics. We compare the three methods' predictions for the primordial particle spectra, total number of charged particles, and average transverse momentum for various values of the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio. We show that they agree well for small shear viscosity to entropy density ratio, but show clear differences at large values of shear viscosity to entropy density ratio. Third, and most importantly, we present the phenomenological predictions of 3+1d quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics compared with LHC 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions. We present comparisons of charged-hadron multiplicity, identified-particle spectra, identified-particle average transverse momentum, charged-particle elliptic flow, identified-particle elliptic flow, elliptic flow as a function of pseudorapidity, and HBT radii. We find good agreement when compared with ALICE data. Looking to the future, we plan to include next-leading-order anisotropic hydrodynamics corrections by including the off-diagonal terms of the anisotropy tensor in quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics. However, since this will be very hard and numerically intense, we consider first next-leading-order anisotropic hydrodynamics using the standard method for imposing the equation of state. To do so, we Taylor-expand assuming small off-diagonal terms to make the formalism easier and numerically tractable. Then, by taking moments of the Boltzmann equation, we find the dynamical equations needed to model the full 3+1d system. In this part of the work, we present only the theory setup and leave the numerical analysis for a future work.

Download or read book Introduction to Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions written by L. P. Csernai and published by . This book was released on 1994-05-10 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions László P. Csernai University of Bergen, Norway Written for postgraduates and advanced undergraduates in physics, this clear and concise work covers a wide range of subjects from intermediate to ultra-relativistic energies, thus providing an introductory overview of heavy ion physics. The reader is introduced to essential principles in heavy ion physics through a variety of questions, with answers, of varying difficulty. This timely text is based on a series of well received lectures given by Professor L. Csernai at the University of Minnesota, and the University of Bergen, where the author is based.

Download or read book Measurement of the D0 Meson Production in Pb Pb and p Pb Collisions written by Andrea Festanti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-07 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents the first measurement of charmed D0 meson production relative to the reaction plane in Pb–Pb collisions at the center-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon collision of √sNN = 2.76 TeV. It also showcases the measurement of the D0 production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurement of the D0 azimuthal anisotropy with respect to the reaction plane indicates that low- momentum charm quarks participate in the collective expansion of the high-density, strongly interacting medium formed in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, despite their large mass. This behavior can be explained by charm hadronization via recombination with light quarks from the medium and collisional energy loss. The measurement of the D0 production in p–Pb collisions is crucial to separate the effect induced by cold nuclear matter from the final- state effects induced by the hot medium formed in Pb–Pb collisions. The D0 production in p–Pb collisions is consistent with the binary collision scaling of the production in pp collisions, demonstrating that the modification of the momentum distribution observed in Pb–Pb collisions with respect to pp is predominantly induced by final-state effects such as the charm energy loss.

Download or read book Jet physics in ALICE written by Constantin Loizides and published by ibidem-Verlag / ibidem Press. This book was released on 2012-02-03 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ALICE experiment is one of the experiments currently prepared for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Geneva, starting operation end of 2007. ALICE is dedicated to the research on nucleus-nucleus collisions at ultra-relativistic energies, which addresses the properties of strongly interacting matter under varying conditions of high density and temperature. The conditions provided at the LHC allow significant qualitative improvement with respect to previous studies. In particular, energetic probes, light quarks and gluons, will be abundantly produced. These probes might be identified by their fragmentation into correlated particles, so called jets, of high enough energy to allow full reconstruction of jet properties; even in the underlying heavy-ion environment.Understanding the dependence of high-energy jet production and fragmentation influenced by the dense medium created in the collision region is an open field of active research. Generally, one expects energy loss of the probes due to medium-induced gluon radiation. It is suggested that hadronization products of these, rather soft gluons may be contained within the jet emission cone, resulting in a modification of the characteristic jet fragmentation, as observed via longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions with respect to the direction of the initial parton, as well as of the multiplicity distributions arising from the jet fragmentation. Particle momenta parallel to the jet axis are softened (jet quenching), while transverse to it increased (transverse heating). The present thesis studies the capabilities of the ALICE detectors to measure these jets and quantifies obtainable rates and the quality of jet reconstruction, in both proton-proton and lead-lead collisions at the LHC. In particular, it is addressed whether modification of the jet fragmentation can be detected within the high-particle-multiplicity environment of central lead-lead collisions.

Download or read book High pT Physics in the Heavy Ion Era written by Jan Rak and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-04-25 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of few books to address both high-pT physics and relativistic heavy ion collisions. Essential handbook for graduates and researchers.

Download or read book Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions written by Ramona Vogt and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-06-04 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in high energy heavy-ion physics. It is relevant for students who will work on topics being explored at RHIC and the LHC. In the first part, the basic principles of these studies are covered including kinematics, cross sections (including the quark model and parton distribution functions), the geometry of nuclear collisions, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics and relevant aspects of lattice gauge theory at finite temperature. The second part covers some more specific probes of heavy-ion collisions at these energies: high mass thermal dileptons, quarkonium and hadronization. The second part also serves as extended examples of concepts learned in the previous part. Both parts contain examples in the text as well as exercises at the end of each chapter. - Designed for students and newcomers to the field- Focuses on hard probes and QCD- Covers all aspects of high energy heavy-ion physics- Includes worked example problems and exercises

Download or read book Quark gluon Plasma 3 written by Rudolph C Hwa and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2004-01-20 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a review monograph on quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Different theoretical and experimental aspects of the program to produce QGP in relativistic heavy-ion collisions are covered by experts in the field. This is the third volume in a series on the subject, and the first such monograph to focus on the implications of the experimental results from RHIC, the relativistic heavy-ion collider at the National Brookhaven Laboratory. The review articles will be useful to experienced researchers as well as to graduate students entering the field.

Download or read book C AD Experiments 2000 2004 written by P. Lo Presti and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Heavy Ion Physics At Low Intermediate And Relativistic Energies Using 4pi Detectors Proceedings Of The International Research Workshop written by M Petrovici and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1997-10-13 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings volume gives a consistent overview of various theoretical and experimental programs which study the dynamics of nucleus-nucleus collisions from low to ultra-relativistic energies. The contributions concentrate on the following topics: cold fragmentation of nuclear matter, pre-equilibrium and thermalization, thermal and chemical equilibration, fragmentation and correlations in intermediate energy collisions, dynamical properties of hot and dense nuclear matter in medium effects, resonance and strange nuclear matter, and signals of the deconfined state.High quality data obtained using experimental devices close to 4π geometries and recent theoretical developments are presented. They illustrate the significant progress made during the last few years in understanding the properties of nuclear matter in extreme conditions of pressure and temperature.This book serves as a graduate textbook and as a reference work on recent developments in this area.

Download or read book Exotic Nuclei and Nuclear particle Astrophysics written by S. Stoica and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2006 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume documents an important event in the World Year of Physics 2005 and a continuation of the traditional international summer schools that have taken place in Romania regularly since 1964. On one hand, the study of exotic nuclei seeks answers about the structure and interaction of unique finite quantum mechanical many-body systems. On the other, it provides data that have an impact on the understanding of the origin of the elements in the Universe.The contributions, written by outstanding professors from prestigious research centers over the world, provide the reader with both comprehensive reviews and the most recent results in the field. Large experimental facilities are discussed together with future research projects. The book offers insights into how experiments in terrestrial nuclear physics laboratories may be combined with observations in outer space to enlarge our basic knowledge.

Download or read book Study of Parton Energy Loss in Heavy Ion Collisions Using Charged Particle Spectra Measured with CMS written by Austin A. Baty and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The phenomenology of the strong nuclear force is still not well understood at low momentum transfers and requires experimental input to constrain. Collisions of heavy ions at the Large Hadron Collider provide a unique opportunity to explore this kinematic region because they create a novel form of matter: the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Using the CMS detector, spectra of charged particles originating from protonproton (pp), proton-lead (pPb), and lead-lead (PbPb) collisions at a center of mass energy per nucleon pair ( [square root of SNN) of 5.02 TeV are examined as a function of transverse momentum and centrality. Nuclear modification factors and fragmentation functions are constructed from these spectra. By comparing to pp collision reference spectra, a puzzle concerning previous measurements in pPb collisions is clarified. A strong suppression of particle production observed in PbPb collisions is also quantified. Finally, collisions of xenon nuclei are also studied to constrain the path length dependence of parton energy loss. The strength of energy loss is found to increase with both [square root of SNN and the average path length through the QGP. Comparisons to theoretical models and previous measurements indicate that the path length dependence is between linear and quadratic, as expected from a combination of collisional and radiative energy loss mechanisms.

Download or read book Momentum integrated Elliptic Flow and Transverse Collision Geometry in Ultrarelativistic Nucleus nucleus Collisions written by Peter Kirk Walters and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Ultrareletivistic nuclear collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider have produced a high temperature, high energy density medium consisting of a strongly interacting plasma of quarks and gluons. This extreme state of matter provides a testing ground for quantum chromodynamics. Previous studies of gold-gold collisions over a wide range of beam energies revealed many properties of the produced medium. However, these studies were restricted to relatively large colliding systems which resulted in large collision volumes; it is therefore important to investigate what role the size of the collision volume plays in the evolution of the source, particularly as the source volume becomes vanishingly small. This can be achieved with symmetric copper-copper collisions, which offer access to a range of system sizes from [approximately] 10 participating nucleons up through volumes comparable to those created in gold-gold collisions. Collective behaviors of the produced particles in heavy-ion collisions can provide useful probes into the state of the medium produced, including its degree of thermalization and its properties. The elliptic flow, an anisotropy in the azimuthal distribution of the produced particles that is strongly correlated to the initial transverse geometry of the colliding nuclei, is one such collective motion that has proven to be a very useful observable for studying heavy-ion collisions. This is because it exhibits fairly large magnitudes in the systems being studied and is sensitive to the strength of the partonic interactions in-medium. The PHOBOS experiment, which can measure the positions of produced charged particles with high precision over nearly the full solid angle, is well-suited to study the elliptic flow and its evolution over an extended range along the beam direction. The elliptic flow from copper-copper collisions at center-of-mass energies of 22.4, 62.4, and 200GeV per nucleon pair are presented as a function of pseudorapidity and system size. The appearance of unexpected behaviors in the smaller system prompted a re-examination of the role of the collision geometry on the production of elliptic flow. Studies using Monte-Carlo Glauber simulations found that the fluctuating spatial configurations of the component nucleons in the colliding nuclei could result in significant variation of the shape of the nuclear overlap on an event-by-event basis, and that these fluctuations become important for small systems. The eccentricity, a quantity that characterizes the ellipticity of the nuclear overlap in the transverse plane, is redefined to account for these fluctuations as the participant eccentricity. It is found that the event-by-event fluctuations of the participant eccentricity are able to fully account for the observed elliptic flow in the smaller system. The participant eccentricity is used to normalize the measured elliptic flow across different colliding systems to a common initial geometry so that a direct comparison of the properties of the produced medium can be made. It is found that the produced medium evolves smoothly from systems of [approximately] 10 participant nucleons to systems involving more than 350 nucleons and for collision energies from 19.6 to 200GeV per nucleon pair. This smooth evolution of the elliptic flow is also observed as a function of pseudorapidity in all the systems studied. After accounting for the initial geometry, no indication of the identity of the original colliding system is observed"--Page vi-vii.