Download or read book A Grid level Unit Commitment Assessment of High Wind Penetration and Utilization of Compressed Air Energy Storage in ERCOT written by Jared Brett Garrison and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging integration of renewable energy has prompted a wide range of research on the use of energy storage to compensate for the added uncertainty that accompanies these resources. In the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), compressed air energy storage (CAES) has drawn particular attention because Texas has suitable geology and also lacks appropriate resources and locations for pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS). While there have been studies on incorporation of renewable energy, utilization of energy storage, and dispatch optimization, this is the first body of work to integrate all these subjects along with the proven ability to recreate historical dispatch and price conditions. To quantify the operational behavior, economic feasibility, and environmental impacts of CAES, this work utilized sophisticated unit commitment and dispatch (UC&D) models that determine the least-cost dispatch for meeting a set of grid and generator constraints. This work first addressed the ability of these models to recreate historical dispatch and price conditions through a calibration analysis that incorporated major model improvements such as capacity availability and sophisticated treatment of combined heat and power (CHP) plants. These additions appreciably improved the consistency of the model results when compared to historical ERCOT conditions. An initial UC&D model was used to investigate the impacts on the dispatch of a future high wind generation scenario with the potential to utilize numerous CAES facilities. For all future natural gas prices considered, the addition of CAES led to reduced use of high marginal cost generator types, increased use of base-load generator types, and average reductions in the total operating costs of 3.7 million dollars per week. Additional analyses demonstrated the importance of allowing CAES to participate in all available energy and ancillary services (AS) markets and that a reduction in future thermal capacity would increase the use of CAES. A second UC&D model, which incorporated advanced features like variable marginal heat rates, was used to analyze the influence of future wind generation variability on the dispatch and resulting environmental impacts. This analysis revealed that higher amounts of wind variability led to an increase in the daily net load ramping requirements which resulted in less use of coal and nuclear generators in favor of faster ramping units along with reductions in emissions and water use. The changes to the net load also resulted in increased volatility of the energy and AS prices between daily minimum and maximum levels. These impacts were also found to increase with compounding intensity as higher levels of wind variability were reached. Lastly, the advanced UC&D model was also used to evaluate the operational behavior and potential economic feasibility of a first entrant conventional or adiabatic CAES system. Both storage systems were found to operate in a single mode that enabled very high utilization of their capacity indicating both systems have highly desirable characteristics. The results suggest that there is a positive case for the investment in a first entrant CAES facility in the ERCOT market.

Download or read book Power Grid Operation in a Market Environment written by Hong Chen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-11-14 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the latest practices, challenges and theoretical advancements in the domain of balancing economic efficiency and operation risk mitigation This book examines both system operation and market operation perspectives, focusing on the interaction between the two. It incorporates up-to-date field experiences, presents challenges, and summarizes the latest theoretic advancements to address those challenges. The book is divided into four parts. The first part deals with the fundamentals of integrated system and market operations, including market power mitigation, market efficiency evaluation, and the implications of operation practices in energy markets. The second part discusses developing technologies to strengthen the use of the grid in energy markets. System volatility and economic impact introduced by the intermittency of wind and solar generation are also addressed. The third part focuses on stochastic applications, exploring new approaches of handling uncertainty in Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC) as well as the reserves needed for power system operation. The fourth part provides ongoing efforts of utilizing transmission facilities to improve market efficiency, via transmission topology control, transmission switching, transmission outage scheduling, and advanced transmission technologies. Besides the state-of-the-art review and discussion on the domain of balancing economic efficiency and operation risk mitigation, this book: Describes a new approach for mass market demand response management, and introduces new criteria to improve system performance with large scale variable generation additions Reviews mathematic models and solution methods of SCUC to help address challenges posed by increased operational uncertainties with high-penetration of renewable resources Presents a planning framework to account for the value of operational flexibility in transmission planning and to provide market mechanism for risk sharing Power Grid Operations in a Market Environment: Economic Efficiency and Risk Mitigation is a timely reference for power engineers and researchers, electricity market traders and analysts, and market designers.

Download or read book Impact of High Renewable Energy Penetration on ERCOT s Frequency Response Reliability written by Kameel Jiries Kamel Kishek and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increased integration of renewable energy into the power grid can affect grid reliability during disturbances; frequency response time is affected by the generation and storage technologies active at the time. As less grid power comes from generators with synchronized rotating machines (e.g., coal, natural gas, nuclear), possibly due to increasing use of renewable energy, the system inertia decreases, making it harder to maintain grid frequency and stability. Fast Frequency Response (FFR) provides rapid power adjustment to stabilize frequency disturbances and maintain stability, and is associated with inverter-based resources, such as renewable and battery storage due to their ability to provide faster response relative to Primary Frequency Response (PFR) from conventional synchronous generators. The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) has witnessed high wind and solar penetration in the power grid, and consequently, a trend of lower system inertia. ERCOT has set rules and standards for generators providing FFR concurrent with the state of the grid. Using a single-generator model based on ERCOT’s PFR and FFR parameters and requirements, and 8 years of hourly historical system and day-ahead market prices data, this paper explores historical system frequency behavior during power loss events as compared to a situation when the grid is projected to be operating at ERCOT’s critical system inertia (100 GW-sec) and with FFR contribution. The economic effect on ERCOT market prices using coefficients that would reduce energy prices if FFR participation in frequency response offsets reserve capacity from thermal generators. Potential energy prices reduction for this offset capacity, when compared to the size of the market, was not significant. Therefore, it was deemed that regulatory orders may be more impactful on FFR adoption and deployment than potential reduction of market prices. This work emerges as ERCOT deliberates on the FFR Advancement Project, which incorporates FFR into the Ancillary Services (AS) market and offers additional insights into the future implementation and participation of FFR

Download or read book Wind Penetration Level Studies on Texas Grid Stability Using Synchronized Phase Measurement written by Joon Hyun Kim and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind power generation influences on the quality of the power grid. Because wind velocity is consistently changing this change causes unstable wind power generation. Since more wind power is expected to be used in the future, it is crucial to study the influence of the wind penetration level on normalized-damping ratio and damped-resonant frequency. In this thesis three types of calculated data were used to analyze the effect of wind penetration level on the Texas power grid: the percentage of wind power generation in Texas, generator-unit trip damping coefficient, and damped-resonant frequency. The percentage of wind energy was calculated from wind data provided by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas. The damping coefficient and damped-resonant frequency values are the indicators of power system stability and were calculated from synchronized phase data from the Texas power grid. The synchronized phase measurements were collected from the University of Texas at Austin and the wind farm near the Mc-Donald observatory. The data analyzed in this paper were from September 2009 to February 2010. The wind data were correlated to the grid-stability indicators which allowed us to interpret the status of the power grid according to the wind penetration level. When the wind penetration level increased over 11 %, five generator trip events occurred with damping coefficient values ten times higher than those of the regular unit trips. Moreover, during those events, damped-resonant frequency values rose nearly four times higher than the frequency values of other events. The results of this study may lead us to the conclusion that simply increasing the capacity of wind power generation will cause the power system to become unstable, and this will result in low quality of electricity. Therefore, further study is needed to determine the optimum amount of wind power generation without causing instability in the power grid.

Download or read book Handbook on Battery Energy Storage System written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2018-12-01 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook serves as a guide to deploying battery energy storage technologies, specifically for distributed energy resources and flexibility resources. Battery energy storage technology is the most promising, rapidly developed technology as it provides higher efficiency and ease of control. With energy transition through decarbonization and decentralization, energy storage plays a significant role to enhance grid efficiency by alleviating volatility from demand and supply. Energy storage also contributes to the grid integration of renewable energy and promotion of microgrid.

Download or read book Techno economic Modeling of the Integration of 20 Wind and Large scale Energy Storage in ERCOT by 2030 written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study's objective is to examine interrelated technical and economic avenues for the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) grid to incorporate up to and over 20% wind generation by 2030. Our specific interests are to look at the factors that will affect the implementation of both high level of wind power penetration (> 20% generation) and installation of large scale storage.

Download or read book A Mixed Integer Linear Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch Model for Thermo Electric and Variable Renewable Energy Generators With Compressed Air Energy Storage written by Thomas Nikolakakis and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the second group the “Reference” scenario again, assumed no storage however, wind production was increased by 25%. Again the “Reference” was compared with two additional scenarios that assumed integration of 3x270MW=810MW of storage capacity in AI (one scenario used the TE model and the other the FP). The results for the TE model show that each of the 3 CAES units reduces wind curtailment by 188,000MWh, total system costs by €29 million and CO2 emissions by 180,000 tonnes. The same reductions for the FP model are 217,000MWh of wind curtailment, €25.6 million on total system costs and 180,000 tonnes of CO2. Thus, the results of the second group of scenarios show that as the installed capacity of both CAES and wind increases in Ireland a) the system-wide benefits of CAES increase and b) the differences on results between the TE and FP models become much smaller.

Download or read book Winds of Change written by Eli Bjorn Ramthun and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind generation in Texas has been growing rapidly, and it is poised to create major disruptive shifts in the generation only market of the Electricity Reliability Council of Texas. The average real time price of electricity has been declining in this market in part due to the merit-order effect, where low marginal cost variable renewable generation undercuts thermal baseload generators with higher operating costs. In a generation only market, depressed energy prices can reduce the economic viability of baseload generators, threatening grid reliability with narrow reserve capacity margins. This work performs empirical analysis on a large market dataset using quantile regression to quantify how the seasonal, diurnal, and regional variation of merit-order effect varies in intensity throughout the distributions of price and as wind generation has increased over time. We demonstrate that while the merit-order effect has increased in intensity alongside increased wind penetration for high percentiles of market prices, the effect is overall reducing in magnitude relative to the amount of wind generation in the system, from a price reduction on top quantiles of price of $11 per GWh of wind generated in 2011 to a respective $5 decrease in prices for the same quantity of wind generation in 2019. This finding alleviates some concerns of baseload generator profitability in the long-term as the price depression from the merit-order effect trends towards zero. We follow with a discussion of the implications for the market as large amounts of solar are poised to come online in the coming years, which will accordingly exert a large but temporary merit-order effect as penetration begins to reach significant amounts. We conclude with policy recommendations to mitigate any potential adverse consequences on grid reliability due to the upcoming short-term price disruptions that will be associated with the ramp up of solar PV capacity in the grid

Download or read book Electricity from Renewable Resources written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-04-05 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A component in the America's Energy Future study, Electricity from Renewable Resources examines the technical potential for electric power generation with alternative sources such as wind, solar-photovoltaic, geothermal, solar-thermal, hydroelectric, and other renewable sources. The book focuses on those renewable sources that show the most promise for initial commercial deployment within 10 years and will lead to a substantial impact on the U.S. energy system. A quantitative characterization of technologies, this book lays out expectations of costs, performance, and impacts, as well as barriers and research and development needs. In addition to a principal focus on renewable energy technologies for power generation, the book addresses the challenges of incorporating such technologies into the power grid, as well as potential improvements in the national electricity grid that could enable better and more extensive utilization of wind, solar-thermal, solar photovoltaics, and other renewable technologies.

Download or read book Harnessing Variable Renewables written by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and published by Organization for Economic Co-Operation & Developme. This book was released on 2011 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Power systems must be actively managed to maintain a steady balance between supply and demand. This is already a complex task as demand varies continually. But what happens when supply becomes more variable and less certain, as with some renewable sources of electricity like wind and solar PV that fluctuate with the weather? to what extent can the resources that help power systems cope with the challenge of variability in demand also be applied to variability of supply? How large are these resources? and what share of electricity supply from variable renewables can they make possible? There is no one-size-fits-all answer. the ways electricity is produced, transported and consumed around the world exhibit great diversity. Grids can cross borders, requiring co-ordinated international policy, or can be distinct within a single country or region. and whether found in dispatchable power plants, storage facilities, interconnections for trade or on the demand side, the flexible resource that ensures the provision of reliable power in the face of uncertainty likewise differs enormously. Written for decision makers, Harnessing Variable Renewables: a Guide to the Balancing Challenge sheds light on managing power systems with large shares of variable renewables. It presents a new, step-by-step approach developed by the IEA to assess the flexibility of power systems, which identifies the already present resources that could help meet the twin challenges of variability and uncertainty.

Download or read book Study of Electrical Grid Profile Behavior and Its Impact on Design and Operation of Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage A CAES Systems written by Kamyar Rouindej and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integration of intermittent renewable energy, such as wind and solar, into the electrical grid results in risk of instability, increased cost (due to higher reserve and ancillary requirements), and inefficiency. In Ontario, integration of wind energy has been a significant contributor to increased energy prices. In addition to that, a lack of storage capacity has resulted in 7.6 terawatt-hours (TWh) of curtailment of clean energy at a value of more than one billion dollars [1]. These issues can be mitigated by using Electrical Energy Storage (EES) technologies (multiple studies have shown this). Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is a proven EES technology with more than 40 years of operating history. In the recent years, there has been a renewed interest in developing CAES technology; however, the research has primarily focused on improving existing technology and its individual components, which creates a gap in research from a whole system design perspective. Furthermore, the studies of the role of CAES system in the electrical power grid has been mainly based on the sizing and performance of the existing systems, which does not take into account the potential capabilities of CAES, if it is designed and sized for specific applications and requirements. This research studies the impact of performance requirements on the design and operation of any potential CAES system using one full year worth of real operating data from the Ontario grid for analysis. The objective is to introduce a new approach to designing CAES systems based on specific grid requirements. In addition, a model is developed to identify the thermodynamic performance requirements of the system under real operating conditions.

Download or read book Analysis of Storing Wind Energy for Periods of Seconds to Hours in ERCOT written by Robert Arthur Weber and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wind energy has dramatically changed the energy portfolio of Texas and more specifically, a region covering 75% of the state designated as ERCOT (Electric Reliability Council of Texas). Hardly existent at all ten years ago, the amount of capacity the wind farms provide is over 9000MW and accounts for 10% of the total generation. Due to the intermittent nature of wind and limitations of transmission lines, short and long term storage of this energy would benefit wind farms and the grid as a whole. This paper studies the relationship between wind, storage and real time electricity prices by analyzing prices and simulating a wind farm with different wind storage strategies over the course of a year. Based on these simulations, it is found that an ideal storage medium with no losses could be in the money for $17.50/kW for long term storage and $1,998/kW for short term storage for prices similar to 2009-2010.

Download or read book Advanced Unit Commitment Strategies in the United States Eastern Interconnection written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project sought to evaluate the impacts of high wind penetrations on the U.S. Eastern Interconnection and analyze how different unit commitment strategies may affect these impacts. In January 2010, the Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study (EWITS) was published. The study evaluated the operating impacts for 20% and 30% wind power on the majority of the Eastern Interconnection. It also evaluated different scenarios of where the wind was located as well as different transmission plans. This follow-up study was intended to further the analysis performed in EWITS by focusing on the impacts of advanced unit commitment strategies used at high penetrations of wind power. It will point to both the effect that various assumptions about modeling unit commitment will have on integration studies, as well as the effect that the strategies will have on actual system operation with high wind power.

Download or read book Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation s Electricity System written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-10-25 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Americans' safety, productivity, comfort, and convenience depend on the reliable supply of electric power. The electric power system is a complex "cyber-physical" system composed of a network of millions of components spread out across the continent. These components are owned, operated, and regulated by thousands of different entities. Power system operators work hard to assure safe and reliable service, but large outages occasionally happen. Given the nature of the system, there is simply no way that outages can be completely avoided, no matter how much time and money is devoted to such an effort. The system's reliability and resilience can be improved but never made perfect. Thus, system owners, operators, and regulators must prioritize their investments based on potential benefits. Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System focuses on identifying, developing, and implementing strategies to increase the power system's resilience in the face of events that can cause large-area, long-duration outages: blackouts that extend over multiple service areas and last several days or longer. Resilience is not just about lessening the likelihood that these outages will occur. It is also about limiting the scope and impact of outages when they do occur, restoring power rapidly afterwards, and learning from these experiences to better deal with events in the future.

Download or read book Optimal Wind Energy Integration in Large scale Electric Grids written by Mohammad H. Albaijat and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, electric grid operation has faced challenges because of many factors. Deregulation and restructuring of the electric grid system, a huge growth in demand, limited existing capacity of transmission lines or generation capacity, and ensuring reliability are some of the major causes of such challenges. The major concern in electric grid operation is operating under the most economical and reliable fashion to ensure affordability and continuity of electricity supply. This dissertation investigates the effects of such challenges, which affect electric grid reliability and economic operations. These challenges are: 1. Congestion of transmission lines, 2. Transmission lines expansion, 3. Large-scale wind energy integration, and 4. Phaser Measurement Units (PMUs) optimal placement for highest electric grid observability. Performing congestion analysis aids in evaluating the required increase of transmission line capacity in electric grids. However, it is necessary to evaluate expansion of transmission line capacity on methods to ensure optimal electric grid operation. Therefore, the expansion of transmission line capacity must enable grid operators to provide low-cost electricity while maintaining reliable operation of the electric grid. Because congestion affects the reliability of delivering power and increases its cost, the congestion analysis in electric grid networks is an important subject. Consequently, next-generation electric grids require novel methodologies for studying and managing congestion in electric grids. We suggest a novel method of long-term congestion management in large-scale electric grids. Owing to the complication and size of transmission line systems and the competitive nature of current grid operation, it is important for electric grid operators to determine how many transmission lines capacity to add. Traditional questions requiring answers are "Where" to add, "How much of transmission line capacity" to add, and "Which voltage level". Because of electric grid deregulation, transmission lines expansion is more complicated as it is now open to investors, whose main interest is to generate revenue, to build new transmission lines. Adding a new transmission capacity will help the system to relieve the transmission system congestion, create profit for investors for renting their transmission capacity, and cheaper electricity for end users. We propose a hybrid method based on a heuristic and deterministic method to attain new transmission lines additions and increase transmission capacity. Renewable energy resources (RES) have zero operating cost, which makes them very attractive for generation companies and market participants. In addition, RES have zero carbon emission, which helps relieve the concerns of environmental impacts of electric generation resources' carbon emission. RES are wind, solar, hydro, biomass, and geothermal. By 2030, the expectation is that more than 30% of electricity in the U.S. will come from RES. One major contributor of RES generation will be from wind energy resources (WES). Furthermore, WES will be an important component of the future generation portfolio. However, the nature of WES is that it experiences a high intermittency and volatility. Because of the great expectation of high WES penetration and the nature of such resources, researchers focus on studying the effects of such resources on the electric grid operation and its adequacy from different aspects. Additionally, current market operations of electric grids add another complication to consider while integrating RES (e.g., specifically WES). Mandates by market rules and long-term analysis of renewable penetration in large-scale electric grid are also the focus of researchers in recent years. We advocate a method for high-wind resources penetration study on large-scale electric grid operations. PMU is a geographical positioning system (GPS) based device, which provides immediate and precise measurements of voltage angle in a high-voltage transmission system. PMUs can update the status of a transmission line and related measurements (e.g., voltage magnitude and voltage phase angle) more frequently. Every second, a PMU can provide 30 samples of measurements compared to traditional systems (e.g., supervisory control and data acquisition [SCADA] system), which provides one sample of measurement every 2 to 5 seconds. Because PMUs provide more measurement data samples, PMU can improve electric grid reliability and observability. An electric grid consists of thousands of nodes called electrical buses (e.g., the Western Interconnection has approximately 16,000 buses). An electrical bus is a node that is a generator, load, both, or none, or connections of other types of electrical components. In addition, an electrical bus is a node connecting to a transmission line, which connects to another bus (node). Although PMUs have great advantages, they are expensive devices; the operator of an electrical grid cannot install a PMU at each electrical bus. Therefore, a placement algorithm is necessary to determine the optimal number and locations of PMUs in a given electrical grid to maintain maximum system observability and reliability. Our method can locate PMUs in large-scale electric grids for optimal electric grid observability. We tested our methods using real data from the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC). WECC is geographically the largest and most diverse of the eight Regional Entities that have Delegation Agreements with the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). WECC's service territory extends from Canada, including the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, to Mexico, including the northern portion of Baja California, and all or portions of the 14 Western states in the U.S. in between. Because of the vastness and diverse characteristics of the region, WECC and its members face unique challenges in coordinating the regular interconnected system operations and the long-range planning needed to provide reliable electric service across nearly 1.8 million square miles. The Western Interconnection Grid encompasses a large number of nodes, transmission lines, and generating units. This large grid network provided us data on electric grid operation patterns, which is very advantageous for grid operation, engineering, and planning.

Download or read book Competitive Electricity Markets written by Fereidoon Sioshansi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-10-10 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After 2 decades, policymakers and regulators agree that electricity market reform, liberalization and privatization remains partly art. Moreover, the international experience suggests that in nearly all cases, initial market reform leads to unintended consequences or introduces new risks, which must be addressed in subsequent “reform of the reforms. Competitive Electricity Markets describes the evolution of the market reform process including a number of challenging issues such as infrastructure investment, resource adequacy, capacity and demand participation, market power, distributed generation, renewable energy and global climate change. Sequel to Electricity Market Reform: An International Perspective in the same series published in 2006 Contributions from renowned scholars and practitioners on significant electricity market design and implementation issues Covers timely topics on the evolution of electricity market liberalization worldwide

Download or read book Wind Power in Power Systems written by Thomas Ackermann and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-04-08 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As environmental concerns have focussed attention on the generation of electricity from clean and renewable sources, wind energy has become the world’s fastest growing energy source. The authors draw on substantial practical experience to address the technical, economic and safety issues inherent in the exploitation of wind power in a competitive electricity market. Presenting the reader with all the relevant background information key to understanding the integration of wind power into the power systems, this leading edge text: Presents an international perspective on integrating a high penetration of wind power into the power system Offers broad coverage ranging from basic network interconnection issues to industry deregulation and future concepts for wind turbines and power systems Discusses wind turbine technology, industry standards and regulations along with power quality issues Considers future concepts to increase the penetration of wind power in power systems Presents models for simulating wind turbines in power systems Outlines current research activities Essential reading for power engineers, wind turbine designers, wind project development and wind energy consultants dealing with the integration of wind power systems into distribution and transmission networks, this text would also be of interest to network engineers working for power utility companies dealing with interconnection issues and graduate students and researchers in the field of wind power and power systems.