Download or read book A Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Wood Decay and Copper Tolerance in the Brown Rot Fungus Fibroporia Radiculosa written by Juliet Dao-May Tang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brown rot fungi are notoriously copper-tolerant, which makes them difficult to control with copper-based wood preservatives. Brown rot fungi are also unique because they have evolved a bilateral strategy for decay. Their initial attack involves the production of hydroxyl free radicals to increase wood porosity, followed by an enzymatic onslaught of glycoside hydrolases that free the sugars locked within cellulose and hemicellulose. Our molecular understanding of these biological processes, however, has been hampered by our limited knowledge of the underlying genetic mechanisms. To address this knowledge gap, high-throughput, short-read sequencing was used to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the genomics and transcriptomics of wood decay and copper tolerance in the brown rot fungus Fibroporia radiculosa. The results were impressively informative. In the genomic study, the sequences of 9262 genes were predicted and gene function was assigned to 5407 of the genes. An examination of target motifs showed that 1213 of the genes encoded products with extracellular functions. By mining these genomic annotations, 187 genes were identified with putative roles in lignocelluloses degradation and copper tolerance. The transcriptomic study quantified gene expression of the fungus growing on wood treated with a copper-based preservative. At day 31, the fungus was adapting to the preservative, and the wood showed no strength loss. At day 154, the preservative effects were gone, and the fungus was actively degrading the wood, which exhibited 52% strength loss. A total of 917 differentially expressed genes were identified, 108 of which appeared to be regulating wood decay and preservative tolerance. Genes that showed increased expression at day 31 were involved in oxalate metabolism, hydroxyl free radical production by the enzyme laccase, energy production, xenobiotic detoxification, copper resistance, stress response, and pectin degradation. Genes that exhibited higher expression at day 154 were involved in wood polysaccharide degradation, hexose transport, oxalate catabolism, catabolism of laccase substrates, proton reduction, re-modeling the glucan sheath, and shoring up the plasma membrane for acid shock. These newly discovered genes represent a significant step towards accelerating a genome-wide understanding of brown rot decay and tolerance to wood preservatives.
Download or read book Gene Expression Profiling of Wood Decay Fungus Fibroporia Radiculosa Grown on Different Organic and Copper Based Preservatives written by Ayfer Akgul and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Copper tolerant brown rot fungi are able to depolymerize the structure of wood treated with copper or organic wood preservatives. This research used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) combined with RNA-seq to explore what genes of the brown-rot fungus, Fibroporia radiculosa, are expressed when the fungus is overcoming the wood preservatives and decaying the wood. The preliminary study of ACQ-treated wood indicated that the hydrogen peroxide needed for wood decay to proceed may come from AAOX (aryl alcohol oxidase), with oxalate regulation by ODC2 (oxalate decarboxylase), and copper regulation by COP (copper resistance P-type ATPase pump). The principal study measured the expression of ten genes at early, mid, and late stages of decay in wood treated with azole, copper, quat, ACQ, CA, plus untreated. Both AAOX and LCC (laccase) were often expressed at their highest levels early in the decay stages, thus either one or both could be involved in early Fenton chemistry. Expression levels of ICL (isocitrate lyase) and GLOXDH (glyoxylate dehydrogenase) were also highest in early decay stages. Of great interest was the complete lack of expression of the COP gene on copper-treated wood at any decay stage. The most surprising and significant result is the impact the quat-treatment had on the metabolism of the fungus, and lack of impact of the azole-treatment. This research indicates that it is the quat that provides the greatest inhibition of F. radiculosa, more so than the copper. Based on RNA Seq, the total number of genes that were up- or down-regulated on the coppertreatment was 473, with 293 on the quat-treatment, and 185 on the azole-treatment. There were a number of genes with unknown protein functions highly expressed. These data distinctly show that gene expression profiles of F. radiculosa are altered by different wood preservative compositions and the duration of wood decay. These genes and this data needs further analysis and study in order to meet the long term goal of understanding the mechanism of copper-tolerance in Fibroporia radiculosa.
Download or read book Gene Expression Profiling of Wood Decay Fungus Fibroporia Radiculosa Grown on Different Organic and Copper Based Preservatives written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Copper tolerant brown rot fungi are able to depolymerize the structure of wood treated with copper or organic wood preservatives. This research used quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) combined with RNA-seq to explore what genes of the brown-rot fungus, Fibroporia radiculosa , are expressed when the fungus is overcoming the wood preservatives and decaying the wood. The preliminary study of ACQ-treated wood indicated that the hydrogen peroxide needed for wood decay to proceed may come from AAOX (aryl alcohol oxidase), with oxalate regulation by ODC2 (oxalate decarboxylase), and copper regulation by COP (copper resistance P-type ATPase pump). The principal study measured the expression of ten genes at early, mid, and late stages of decay in wood treated with azole, copper, quat, ACQ, CA, plus untreated. Both AAOX and LCC (laccase) were often expressed at their highest levels early in the decay stages, thus either one or both could be involved in early Fenton chemistry. Expression levels of ICL (isocitrate lyase) and GLOXDH (glyoxylate dehydrogenase) were also highest in early decay stages. Of great interest was the complete lack of expression of the COP gene on copper-treated wood at any decay stage. The most surprising and significant result is the impact the quat-treatment had on the metabolism of the fungus, and lack of impact of the azole-treatment. This research indicates that it is the quat that provides the greatest inhibition of F. radiculosa , more so than the copper. Based on RNA Seq, the total number of genes that were up- or down-regulated on the copper-treatment was 473, with 293 on the quat-treatment, and 185 on the azole-treatment. There were a number of genes with unknown protein functions highly expressed. These data distinctly show that gene expression profiles of F. radiculosa are altered by different wood preservative compositions and the duration of wood decay. These genes and this data needs further analysis and
Download or read book Towards Understanding the Biology of Wood Decay written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: S2Our previous research has focused primarily on ways to identify the wood decay fungi and microbial community. We continue to explore this complex and dynamic community and its interactions through microbial community ecology studies, gene expression interactions and proteomics. However, in order to better understand the mechanisms of fungal decay, we have sequenced the genome of a copper tolerant brown rot fungus, Antrodia radiculosa. To advance our goals, we will be using structural and comparative genomics to identify novel genes and functional genomics and transcriptomics to systematically discover what genes are activated during wood decay under different environmental conditions.S3.
Download or read book Copper Tolerance of Some Wood rotting Fungi written by George Y. Young and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Copper Tolerance of Some Wood rotting Fungi written by George Yankush Young and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The generally high tolerance of acid-forming brown-rot fungi and the low tolerance of whiterot fungi to copper sulfate was confirmed for 16 species, including Poria cocos Wolf., a fungus associated with the failure of copper-napthenate treated fence posts in Florida, and four other brown-rot species not previously reported as copper tolerant. The tolerance of the brown-rot species was strikingly increased by lowering the pH of the substratum from pH 6 to pH 2 with sulfuric acid. Several mechanisms for fungus tolerance to copper have been suggested; all require a decrease in the pH of the medium. (Author).
Download or read book The Effects of Copper Proximity on Oxalate Production in Fibroporia Radiculosa written by Katie M. Jenkins and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Copper remains a key component used in wood preservatives available today. However, the observed tolerance of several critical wood rotting organisms continues to be problematic. Tolerance to copper has been linked to the production and accumulation of oxalate, which precipitates copper into insoluble copper-oxalate crystals, thus inactivating copper ions. The purpose of this study was to assess differences in oxalate production and decay capacity of four wood decay fungi (three copper-tolerant and one copper-sensitive) exposed to various applications of copper. Three Fibroporia radiculosa isolates and one Gloeophyllum trabeum isolate were subjected to one formulation of copper citrate presented to the test fungi by four different treatments in Southern pine wood blocks for an eight week period. Samples were evaluated for oxalate production and weight loss every two weeks. Two of the copper-tolerant isolates evaded the inhibitory effects of all four copper treatments by week eight. The copper-sensitive organism exhibited some limitations to actively decay blocks in two of the four copper treatments. These findings suggest that proximity to copper citrate, available in any form (i.e. impregnation, direct contact, free liquid or close proximity) generally, had no negative effect on fungal growth, oxalate production, and decay capacity of the copper-tolerant organisms. Results also suggested that the copper-sensitive fungus was restricted in its ability to effectively decay wood when copper was pressure treated or directly added to the surface of wood blocks. This study also suggested that close proximity to copper alone (i.e. not pressure treated) did not completely inhibit decay of the copper-tolerant or copper-sensitive test fungi.
Download or read book Untreated and Copper treated Wood Soaked in Sodium Oxalate written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Copper is widely used as the primary component in wood protectants because it demonstrates a broad range of biocidal properties. However, a key concern with using copper in wood preservative formulations is the possibility for brown-rot basidiomycetes to resist the toxic effect. Many brown-rot basidiomycetes have evolved mechanisms, like the production and accumulation of oxalate, which helps these fungi to tolerate copper-treated wood by detoxifying copper. The purpose of this study was to determine if untreated wood and copper-treated wood soaked in sodium oxalate influenced the rate of decay by brown-rot basidiomycete fungi. Both untreated and 1.2 % ammoniacal copper citrate-treated test blocks were subjected to an additional sodium oxalate treatment via two soaking methods (ten minute and two hour). Test blocks were exposed to two Fibroporia radiculosa isolates (FP-90848-T and L-9414-SP) and one isolate of Gloeophyllum trabeum isolate (MAD 617) and evaluated for weight loss at four and eight weeks. Decay was between 40-43% weight loss at week eight for F. radiculosa L-9414-SP when untreated blocks were soaked with sodium oxalate. F. radiculosa L-9414-SP demonstrated decay of 38% at week eight when copper citrate-treated blocks were soaked with sodium oxalate. F. radiculosa FP-90848-T decay was much lower for untreated blocks soaked with sodium oxalate (12-13%) and only slightly higher on copper-treated blocks soaked with sodium oxalate (19%) by week eight. G. trabeum MAD 617 decay was between 40-46% when untreated blocks were soaked with sodium oxalate. G. trabeum was unable to successfully decay the copper citrate-treated blocks soaked with sodium oxalate (0.5%) by week eight. The copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant test fungi used in this study demonstrated no major increase in decay when untreated and copper-treated wood was amended with oxalate.
Download or read book Transcriptome and Biochemical Analyses of Fungal Degradation of Wood written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lignocellulosic accounts for a large percentage of material that can be utilized for biofuels. The most costly part of lignocellulosic material processing is the initial hydrolysis of the wood which is needed to circumvent the lignin barrier and the crystallinity of cellulose. Enzymes will play an increased role in this conversion in that they potentially provide an alternative to costly and caustic high temperature and acid treatment. The increasing use of enzymes in biotechnology is facilitated by both continued improvements in enzyme technology but also in the discovery of new and novel enzymes. The present proposal is aimed at identifying the enzymes which are known to depolymerize woody biomass. Fundamental understanding of how nature gains access to cellulose and hemicellulose will impact all applications. Because fungi are the only known microbes capable of circumventing the lignin barrier, knowledge of the enzyme they use is of great potential for biofuel processing. Nature has evolved different fungal mechanisms for enzymatic hydrolysis of wood. Most notable are the white-rot fungi (wrf) and the brown-rot fungi (brf). This proposed research aims at determining the complete transcriptome of three wrf and two brf to determine the enzymes involved in lignocellulose degradation. The transcriptome work will be supported by enzyme characterization (and zymograms) and finally analysis of the lignin component to determine the mode of lignin modification. In this proposed research, we hypothesize that: 1) Determination of the complete transcriptome of closely related white and brown rot fungi will lead to knowledge of the relevant enzymes involved in wood degradation. 2) Knowledge of the extracellular transcriptome and the mechanism of wood decay can only be obtained if the products of the decay are known. As such, characterization of the lignin oxidation products will correlate the enzymes involved (obtained from the transcriptome) to the lignin oxidation products. The Department of Energy has sequenced the P. chrysosporium genome and has approved the sequencing of the genome of the closely-related brown rot fungus P. placenta. This comparative genomics approach will yield important information on differences between these two fungi. Analysis of gene unique to each fungus (which have been lost or gained) can potentially lead to determining the enzymes which are responsible for each type of decay. This comparison, however, would not be complete without comparing the transcriptome and the proteome/enzymes. Comparative genomics may tell us which genes may be important, but it will not tell us when these genes are expressed, at what levels and will not necessarily tell us what these genes do.
Download or read book Control of Pig Reproduction Nine written by Heriberto Rodríguez Martínez and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Recent Advancement in White Biotechnology Through Fungi written by Ajar Nath Yadav and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-10-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last decade considerable progress has been made in white biotechnology research and further major scientific and technological breakthroughs are expected in the future. The first large-scale industrial applications of modern biotechnology have been in the areas of food and animal feed production (agricultural/green biotechnology) and in pharmaceuticals (medical/red biotechnology). In contrast, the productions of bioactive compounds through fermentation or enzymatic conversion are known as industrial or white biotchnology. The fungi are ubiquitous in nature and have been sorted out from different habitats, including extreme environments (high temperature, low temperature, salinity and pH); and associated with plants (Epiphytic, Endophytic and Rhizospheric). The fungal strains are beneficial as well as harmful for human beings. The beneficial fungal strains may play important roles in the agricultural, industrial, and medical sectors. The fungal strains and its product (enzymes, bioactive compounds, and secondary metabolites) are very useful for industry (e.g., the discovery of penicillin from Penicillium chrysogenum). This discovery was a milestone in the development of white biotechnology as the industrial production of penicillin and antibiotics using fungi moved industrial biotechnology into the modern era, transforming it into a global industrial technology. Since then, white biotechnology has steadily developed and now plays a key role in several industrial sectors providing both high value nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. The fungal strains and bioactive compounds also play an important role in environmental cleaning. This volume covers the latest research developments related to value-added products in white biotechnology through fungi.
Download or read book Fungal Nanotechnology 2 0 written by Kamel A Abd-Elsalam and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2023-05-26 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fungal Nanotechnology 2 provides an updated and thorough explanation of the green and sustainable production of metal- and organic-based nanostructures by various fungal species, as well as an investigation of intracellular and extracellular mechanisms, with a particular focus on the applications of fungal nanotechnology in biomedical, environmental, and agri-food sectors. Since FN is still in its infancy, major research should be conducted in this field; plants, animals, and people will all benefit significantly from this, and effective and environmentally acceptable methods should be developed.
Download or read book White Biotechnology written by Roland Ulber and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-01-30 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions by numerous experts
Download or read book Wood and Tree Fungi written by Olaf Schmidt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-09-19 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an up-to-date overview of the various wood and tree fungi that damage trees, lumber, and timber. Special focus is given to identification, prevention, and remediation techniques, and the book bridges the gap between research and application. It covers the fundamentals of cytology and morphology. There is a more practical section describing damage by viruses and bacteria on trees. The habitats of wood fungi are described as well as tree care. Important tree pathogens and wood decay fungi are characterized for prevention and identification. The final section focuses on the positive effects of wood-inhabiting microorganisms.
Download or read book Deterioration and Protection of Sustainable Biomaterials written by Tor P. Schultz and published by ACS Symposium. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wood and other structural lignocellulose biomaterials are renewable resources that provide sustainable products that require considerably less energy to manufacture into useable products than other alternatives produced from nonrenewable resources. However, these materials are readily biodegradable and as such must be protected if they are to be used in adverse environments. Consequently, their protection through chemical and nonchemical means plays a vital role in the satisfactory utilization of many products. This publication represents the third ACS book by the three co-editors in a series addressing scientific and practical aspects of biodeterioration and protection of lignocellulose materials. The objective of this third book diverges to some extent from the prior texts, in that it provides an overall view of our current understanding of the microbial and thermal degradation of plant biomass along with new developments in the rapidly changing field of wood protection. The latter is particularly important in light of dramatic changes in copper-based wood preservative systems that are used extensively to treat wood for residential construction, and in the commercial development of lignocellulose modification processes that protect bio-based materials without the addition of biocides. These changes, along with an update on new organic wood preservative systems, factors influencing wood biodeterioration above ground and in soil contact, wood treatment processes, registration and approval processes, applications of molecular biology in wood protection research, and the conversion of biomass into high value carbon products and worldwide trends in wood protection, are covered in this latest ACS book. The individual chapters were authored by a world-class group of academic and industrial scientists in order to provide a state-of-the-art review and global perspective of this rapidly changing field and reviewed by internationally recognized scientist
Download or read book Comparative Biochemistry of the Decay of Sweetgum Sapwood by White rot and Brown rot Fungi written by Ellis Brevier Cowling and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Field Analytical Screening Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
