Download or read book A Functional Analysis of the Defense Response of Glycine Max as it Relates to Parasitism by the Plant Parasitic Nematode Heterodera Glycines written by Prakash Mani Niraula and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, a plant parasitic pest, causes severe yield losses of soybean (Glycine max). Although a number of studies have identified various genes that function in defense, including a role for the vesicular transport machinery acting against H. glycines in infected roots, a regulatory mechanism occurring behind the transcriptional engagement of the vesicular transport system and delivery of the transported cargo proteins is not fully understood. The main goal of the current study is to determine the functional effect of genetically engineering the circadian clock gene, CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) in G. max to examine a role on H. glycines parasitism. The outcome of the study has determined the functional effect of main clock component CCA1-1 along with other oscillator genes such as TIMING OF CAB 1 (TOC1-1), GIGANTEA (GI-1) and CONSTANS (CO-4) to enhance resistance against H. glycines parasitism. Further, the reduced level of the expression of Gm-CCA1-1 in infected roots, in comparison to uninfected roots, has demonstrated that clock components might have arrested and altered its expression during the nematode infection process. The study has also investigated the role of XYLOGLUCAN ENDO-TRANSGLYCOSYLASE /HYDROLASE (XTH), Gm-XTH43, during the resistance process soybean has to H. glycines. The results have demonstrated higher xyloglucan (XyG) amounts to be synthesized in the Gm-XTH43 overexpressing (OE) lines. In contrast, there is less XyG in the Gm-XTH43 RNA interference (RNAi) lines that have a negatively regulated XTH gene. These observations have led to elucidating the role in the potential cell wall rearrangement and the underlying metabolic processes required for the generation of the proper XyG architecture required for defense occurring outside of the plant cell. Furthermore, the observed result of lower level of weight average molecular weight (WAMW) of XyG in Gm-XTH43-OE and higher MW of XyG in Gm-XTH43-RNAi than respective control roots have demonstrated a key role in, presumably, changing the cell wall by the remodeling of the XyG chain as it relates to the cell wall architecture.

Download or read book Functional Analysis Identifies Glycine Max Genes Involved in Defense to Heterodera Glycines written by Prachi D. Matsye and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The infection of plants by Heterodera glycines, commonly known as soybean cyst nematode (SCN), is a serious agricultural problem of worldwide extent. Meanwhile, it provides an excellent experimental model to study basic aspects of how cells function, in particular, during biotic challenge. Heterodera glycines challenges plant cells by initiating, developing and sustaining an interaction that results in the formation of a nurse cell from which the nematode derives nourishment. The presented experiments examine (1) how a cell can be de-differentiated and reprogrammed to perform a much different biological role and (2) how a cell’s immune responses can be engaged or suppressed to accomplish that goal. The observation of alpha soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (alpha-SNAP) expression, its location within the rhg1 locus and known involvement in the vesicular transport machinery relating to defense made it a strong candidate for further functional analysis. Functional studies demonstrated that overexpression of alpha-SNAP in the susceptible G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] genotype that lacks its expression results in the partial suppression of H. glycines infection. This indicated that the vesicles could be delivering cargo to the site of infection to engage a defense response. High levels of expression of a cell wall modifying gene called xyloglucan endotransglycosylase also occur during defense. XTHs associate with vesicles, act in the apoplast outside of the cell, and have a well-known function in cell wall restructuring. These observations indicated that alterations in the cell wall composition of nurse cells could be important for the successful defense response. Overexpression of a G. max xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (Gm-XTH) in the susceptible G. max[Williams 82/PI 518671] genotype resulted in a significant negative effect on H. glycines as well as R. reniformis parasitism. The results, including preliminary experiments on components of the vesicle transport system, identify a potent mechanism employed by plants to defend themselves from two types of plant-parasitic nematodes.

Download or read book An Analysis of Signaling Processes Leading to a Defense Response in Soybean written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant-parasitic nematodes are the cause of devastating yield loss in vital agricultural crops around the world. Heterodera glycines , also referred to as soybean cyst nematode, is the main pathogen of Glycine max (soybean) causing more loss than all other pathogens of G. max combined. The resultant economic impact due to H. glycines in United States soybean production alone is estimated to account for an annual one-billion-dollar loss. Natural resistant genotypes have been found in trials to combat this pathogen. Of the resistant varieties identified, G. max [Peking/PI 548402] and G. max [PI 88788] are the major sources of resistance. Identification of genes expressed in the cells of which the nematode parasitizes, the syncytia, exclusively undergoing the resistant/incompatible reaction from the two major sources of resistance mentioned previously have identified a number of candidate genes presumed to function in defense to H. glycines parasitism. Prior to this work, success has been obtained by selection of a number of these candidate genes in functional analysis to show involvement in defense. This work is aimed at functionally identifying signaling components involved in the defense reaction. Reverse genetic studies of NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 Glycine max homolog, Gm-NDR1-1, has confirmed a functional role in the defense to H. glycines to G. max. Gene expression studies revealed both effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) components to be regulated by Gm-NDR1-1. Furthermore, induction in the heterologous expression of Gm-NDR1-1 in Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) suppressed Meloidogyne incognita parasitism. Harpin treatment has been evaluated due to the knowledge of NDR1s capability of being harpin-induced (HIN1). Expression studies of the harpin treatment did in fact induce Gm-NDR1-1. The analysis further provides ev

Download or read book The Defense Response of Glycine Max to Heterodera Glycines and Macrophomina Phaseolina written by Bisho Ram Lawaju and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The understanding of plant defense response in plant-pathogen interaction provides useful information to combat the disease. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, and charcoal rot causing fungus, Macrophomina phaseolina, are major pathogens of soybean, Glycine max, and infestation with SCN has found to aggravate the fungal disease severity. The gene expression analysis in resistant and susceptible interactions between H. glycines and G. max has identified some candidate resistance genes and signaling pathways but they are yet to be fully characterized. This dissertation aims to characterize one such gene, Conserved Oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. The COG complex is important in structural and functional integrity of Golgi complex among eukaryotes, but very little is understood about its role in plants. This study demonstrated a defensive role of the COG complex in G. max against H. glycines. The transgenic plants for overexpression of COG genes, which were originally susceptible to the pathogen, showed reduced parasitism. In contrast, the RNA interference (RNAi) in originally resistant soybean lines showed a marked increase in parasitism. Further, these COG genes were found to be inducible by harpin elicitor molecules. In another study, the already proven resistance genes (NDR1, NPR1, EDS1 and TGA2) against H. glycines were investigated against the fungal pathogen. The transgenic plants for overexpression of these genes showed reduced disease severity, while the RNAi resulted increased severity compared to control lines. In addition, the H. glycines parasitism study and the candidate gene expression analysis in M. Phaseolina susceptible and moderately resistant G. max indicate that there are some cross.

Download or read book An Analysis of Signaling Processes Leading to a Defense Response in Soybean written by Brant Trey McNeece and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant-parasitic nematodes are the cause of devastating yield loss in vital agricultural crops around the world. Heterodera glycines, also referred to as soybean cyst nematode, is the main pathogen of Glycine max (soybean) causing more loss than all other pathogens of G. max combined. The resultant economic impact due to H. glycines in United States soybean production alone is estimated to account for an annual one-billion-dollar loss. Natural resistant genotypes have been found in trials to combat this pathogen. Of the resistant varieties identified, G. max[Peking/PI 548402] and G. max[PI 88788] are the major sources of resistance. Identification of genes expressed in the cells of which the nematode parasitizes, the syncytia, exclusively undergoing the resistant/incompatible reaction from the two major sources of resistance mentioned previously have identified a number of candidate genes presumed to function in defense to H. glycines parasitism. Prior to this work, success has been obtained by selection of a number of these candidate genes in functional analysis to show involvement in defense. This work is aimed at functionally identifying signaling components involved in the defense reaction. Reverse genetic studies of NON-RACE SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 Glycine max homolog, Gm-NDR1-1, has confirmed a functional role in the defense to H. glycines to G. max. Gene expression studies revealed both effectortriggered immunity (ETI) and pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) components to be regulated by Gm-NDR1-1. Furthermore, induction in the heterologous expression of GmNDR1-1 in Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) suppressed Meloidogyne incognita parasitism. Harpin treatment has been evaluated due to the knowledge of NDR1’s capability of being harpin-induced (HIN1). Expression studies of the harpin treatment did in fact induce GmNDR1-1. The analysis further provides evidence of NDR1 role in defense by displaying the harpin-induced response of NDR1 in resistance to infection of Rotylenchulus reniformis. Receptors are known to function through signaling components in plant defense. Therefore, the conserved downstream signaling component of multiple diverse stimuli, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were functionally characterized in G. max for their role in resistance to H. glycines via the reverse genetic parasitism assays and evaluated to observe the effect on defense gene expression.

Download or read book Investigating Root knot and Soybean Cyst Nematode Parasitic Interactions Through Transcriptomic Analyses of the Host and Parasite written by Ellie Walsh and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant-parasitic nematodes are a major threat to global agricultural production. Root-knot nematodes (RKN, Meloidogyne spp.) are arguably the biggest threat, capable of parasitizing virtually every crop. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) has a narrow host range, but is the most destructive pathogen of a particularly important crop, soybean (Glycine max). RKN’s wide host range makes crop rotation often inadequate for management, and host resistance is unavailable in many crops. Effective resistance is available against SCN however populations have adapted to the most frequently used sources of resistance. RKN and SCN both induce elaborate feeding sites. In addition to being the sole source of nutrition, the feeding sites are the primary targets of nematode secretions to manipulate host cellular functions; consequently, they are very important interfaces of the interaction. The general aim of this research was to elucidate changes in the transcriptome underlying the successful interaction between these nematodes and their hosts. Although the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to knockdown nematode genes is actively being pursued as a new strategy for nematode control, little is known about the effects of general RNAi mechanisms during parasitism. As the suppression of RNAi has been characterized in other pathosystems, I hypothesized that parasitic nematodes may also be influencing these pathways. Tanscriptomic analysis of genes associated with RNAi machinery and target genes indicates that RNAi-regulated pathways are altered during the parasitic interaction. Using a silenced reporter gene, I found the disturbance to be specific to the nematode feeding site. Furthermore, disrupting these pathways with viral suppressors of RNAi renders the host more susceptible to nematode parasitism. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that this effect extends into later stages in parasitism, making the adult female stage of particular interest for further analyses. I performed a transcriptomic analysis of adult female RKN to address the hypothesis that transcriptional patterns in this later stage of parasitism will reveal new candidate genes encoding proteins that regulate the parasitic process, such as proteins that interact with RNAi among other plant pathways. Results from RNA-Seq analysis and reverse transcriptase PCR indicate that cell wall modifiers likely continue to play an important role in the parasitic interaction. Results from transcriptomic analysis including the putative secretome have highlighted new candidates for functional analysis to determine their role in the interaction. The later stage in parasitism is similarly of interest in SCN. SCN populations are adapting to the most commonly planted host resistance available in soybean, derived from Plant Introduction (PI) 88788 and “Peking.” The resistance response in PI 88788 appears to be longer-lasting than that in Peking, which impacts nematodes’ early development. Due to my focus on the adult female stage, I chose to investigate parasitism on PI 88788. I hypothesize that transcriptional differences between females from populations avirulent and virulent on PI 88788 may play a role in their adaptation to resistance. Results from this study indicate that the expression of an effector-like gene may have been lost in virulent populations, presumably allowing them to evade host detection and subsequent defense responses.

Download or read book Plant Nematode Interactions written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-03-26 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Botanical Research publishes in-depth and up-to-date reviews on a wide range of topics in plant sciences. Currently in its 73rd volume, the series features several reviews by recognized experts on all aspects of plant genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, physiology and ecology. This thematic volume features reviews on molecular and developmental aspects of the compatible plant-nematode interaction. The contributors all actively work in the field of molecular genetics and genomics of plant parasitic nematodes and nematode feeding sites. Reviews focus on molecular and physiological aspects of nematode feeding site development and includes specific chapters on nematode effectors as well as plant responses. Publishes in-depth and up-to-date reviews on a wide range of topics in plant sciences This volume features reviews of the fast moving field of compatible interaction between plants and sedentary endo-parasitic nematodes A strong focus on molecular and physiological aspects of nematode feeding site development and includes specific chapters on nematode effectors as well as plant responses

Download or read book Symbiosis Components Function to Inhibit Endoparasitic Nematode Infection written by Rishi Khatri and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analysis of Glycine max homologs of the symbiosis genes DOES NOT MAKE INFECTIONS (DMI) DMI1, DMI2 and DMI3 was carried out as it relates to the defense response to Heterodera glycines parasitism. Transgenic analyses of the DMI1, DMI2 and DMI3 for overexpression showed decreased H. glycines parasitism while the analyses for RNAi showed increased H. glycines parasitism. The combination of decreased parasitism in the H. glycines-susceptible genotype G. max [Williams 82/PI 518671] and increased parasitism in the H. glycines resistant genotype G. max [Peking/PI 548402] is taken as the genes function in the defense process at some level. Prior analyses have shown that mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) function in the defense response that has to H. glycines. A preliminary RNA seq analysis of MAPK3-1 and MAPK3-2 overexpressing roots reveal increased relative transcript abundance of DMI3, but only in the MAPK3-1 overexpressing roots. Additionally, examination of the expression profiles of two G. max MAPK3-1 and MAPK3-2 showed that their relative transcript abundances in some cases are influenced by DMI1, DMI2 and DMI3 expression. Taken together, the results show that the G. max DMI1, DMI2 and DMI3 function in the defense response to H. glycines and appear to involve MAPKs.

Download or read book Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant Nematode Interactions written by John Jones and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-26 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews developments in the molecular biology of plant-nematode interactions that have been driven by the application of genomics tools. The book will be of interest to postgraduate students and to researchers with an interest in plant nematology and/or plant pathology more generally. A series of introductory chapters provide a biological context for the detailed reviews of all areas of plant-nematode interactions that follow and ensure that the bulk of the book is accessible to the non-specialist. A final section aims to show how these fundamental studies have provided outputs of practical relevance.

Download or read book Cell Biology of Plant Nematode Parasitism written by R. Howard Berg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-18 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant-parasitic nematodes are among the most destructive plant pathogens, causing enormous losses to agronomic crops worldwide. This book provides an up-to-date review of research related to two of the most important nematode pests, root-knot and cyst nematodes. Chapters cover early plant-nematode interactions, identification of nematode proteins important in the establishment of nematode feeding sites, and classification of biochemical and signaling pathways significant in the development of specialized feeding sites in the host. The cellular and subcellular structures essential for the parasitic interaction are examined by light and electron microscopy. Modern techniques of gene expression analyses and genomic sequencing are poised to provide an even greater wealth of information to researchers, enabling them to develop and examine natural and manmade mechanisms of resistance to this important plant pest.

Download or read book Cyst Nematodes written by Roland N Perry and published by CABI. This book was released on 2018-04-09 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compendium of current information on all aspects of these economically important parasites. It provides comprehensive coverage of their biology, management, morphology and diagnostics, in addition to up-to-date information on molecular aspects of taxonomy, host-parasitic relationships and resistance. Written by a team of international experts, Cyst Nematodes will be invaluable to all researchers, lecturers and students in nematology, parasitology, agriculture and agronomy, industries with an interest in chemical and biological control products for management of plant-parasitic nematodes, and any courses, quarantine and advisory services.

Download or read book Soybean written by Dora Krezhova and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2011-11-07 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the importance of applying of novel genetics and breading technologies. The efficient genotype selections and gene transformations provide for generation of new and improved soybean cultivars, resistant to disease and environmental stresses. The book introduces also a few recent modern techniques and technologies for detection of plant stress and characterization of biomaterials as well as for processing of soybean food and oil products.

Download or read book Biological and Chemical Assessment of Glycine Max Modified with Gm XTH52 Gene Resistant to Attack of Nematode Heterodera Glycines written by Ismail Khan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soybean (Glycine max) yield is significantly affected by soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, and causes an annual loss of billions of US dollars. In this study, Glycine max xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase gene (Gm-XTH52) was transformed into a nematode susceptible G. max [Williams 82/PI 518671] variety of soybean to test whether the protein expression has a role in resistance to H. glycines, and possible chemical changes the expression may cause in the plant composition. Expression level of the Gm-XTH52 gene was three times higher than in controls. Significant reduction in the number of SCN cysts suggested suppression of H. glycines parasitism upon transformation. While total sugar amounts did not significantly differ between the transformed and control plants, xyloglucan amounts of loosely bound sugars of genetically mosaic plants were significantly lower in comparison to controls. Control plants showed lower molecular weight sugars than the transformed plants not subjected to H. glycines infection.

Download or read book Genetic Maps written by Stephen J. O'Brien and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Plant Nematode Interactions written by Carmen Fenoll and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1997 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1992 a Concerted Action Programme (CAP) was initiated by Peter Sijmons with the purpose of intensifying collaborations between 16 European laboratories working on plant-parasitic nematodes. The four-year programme entitled Resistance Mechanisms Against Plant-Parasitic Nematodes focused on molecular aspects of the interaction between sedentary nematodes and plants on the model system Arabidopsis and on novel resistance strategies. Funding was provided mainly for exchange visits between collaborating laboratories and for the organization of annual meetings. During the last annual meeting which was held in May 1996 in Toledo, Spain, Carmen Fenoll initiated the production of this volume.

Download or read book Biocommunication of Plants written by Guenther Witzany and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-22 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants are sessile, highly sensitive organisms that actively compete for environmental resources both above and below the ground. They assess their surroundings, estimate how much energy they need for particular goals, and then realise the optimum variant. They take measures to control certain environmental resources. They perceive themselves and can distinguish between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’. They process and evaluate information and then modify their behaviour accordingly. These highly diverse competences are made possible by parallel sign(alling)-mediated communication processes within the plant body (intraorganismic), between the same, related and different species (interorganismic), and between plants and non-plant organisms (transorganismic). Intraorganismic communication involves sign-mediated interactions within cells (intracellular) and between cells (intercellular). This is crucial in coordinating growth and development, shape and dynamics. Such communication must function both on the local level and between widely separated plant parts. This allows plants to coordinate appropriate response behaviours in a differentiated manner, depending on their current developmental status and physiological influences. Lastly, this volume documents how plant ecosphere inhabitants communicate with each other to coordinate their behavioural patterns, as well as the role of viruses in these highly dynamic interactional networks.

Download or read book Advances in Molecular Plant Nematology written by F. Lamberti and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant parasitic nematodes are a main pest to crops. For ex am pie, the root-knot nematodes belonging to the genus Meloidogyne are worldwide in their distribution and attack almost every type of crop, causing considerable losses of yield and affecting quality of produce. The cyst nematodes within the genera Globodera and Heterodera constitute a major group of plant pathogens in many countries throughout the world, suppressing yields of potato, sugar beet, soybean and cereals. Several nematodes such as longidorids and trichodorids are implicated in the transmission of numerous plant viruses. Many others cause constraints to agricultural production either locally or on large areas. However, despite their economic importance (they account for worldwide crop reduction in excess of 10%), plant parasitic nematodes are still poorly understood, because most of them are obligate parasites of roots. Environmental concerns over the agricultural use of pesticides demand the development of alternative measures to control them. To achieve environmentally sound control, knowledge of the basic biology of nematodes must be expanded. Important research areas include understanding the molecular bases for pathogenicity, the molecular mechanisms of the host parasite interactions and the genetic bases for population fluctuations. The workshop has, for the first time, brought together an international group of researchers using molecular approaches to study plant parasitic nematodes and their host responses.