Download or read book A Cross Sectional Analysis of the Relationship Between Childhood Obesity and Craniofacial Dimensions in a Population Receiving Orthodontic Treatment written by Daniel M. Eves and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to determine if obesity impacts craniofacial dimensions in adolescent and teenage subjects. Twenty-one cephalometric measurements were selected as a basis for comparison between normal weight, overweight and obese children. The subjects were weighed, measured, and placed into one of the three groups based on their Body Mass Index (BMI). Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken, traced and digitized on all patients. The various measurements were analyzed to determine if there were any statistically significant differences between any of the measurements when compared on the basis of BMI. The following seven measurements showed a statistically significant difference when evaluated on the basis of BMI: SNA, maxillary unit length, SNB, corpus length, mandibular unit length, soft tissue convexity and soft tissue facial height ratio. Comparisons were also made on the basis of gender and age. Three of the measurements for gender showed a statistically significant difference: S-N, maxillary unit length and mandibular unit length. Similarly, three of the measurements for age showed a statistically significant difference: maxillary unit length, corpus length and mandibular unit length.
Download or read book Analysis of the Relationship Between Childhood Obesity Psychological written by Meagan Grace Hovendick and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Systematic Review of Cephalometric Normative Data in Children written by Tuan Khang Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Background: The head and neck consist of an intricate arrangement of bones, musculature, and airways playing a pivotal role in facial aesthetics, communication, chewing, swallowing, and breathing. Understanding the characteristics of craniofacial structures as well as their growth patterns in children is essential in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Rationale: Many separate studies report normative data on craniofacial structures in cross-sectional or longitudinal study designs. However, there is currently no systematic review compiling this information to evaluate consistency and the need for further normative data collection. Objectives: This study aims to aggregate normative data assessing the development of craniofacial skeletal structures in children with well-balanced face and normal occlusion; and identify different cephalometric characteristics between males and females and among races. Methods: With the help of a librarian from the McGill University library, Medline, Embase and Scopus were searched on 23 Dec 2020. Records were deduplicated in Endnote and resulted in 5,656 unique articles. Inclusion criteria were i) studies involving individuals with well-balanced face and normal occlusion, ii) subjects less than 18 years of age, iii) assessment of orofacial skeleton using a cephalometric analysis of hard tissues from 2D radiographs or 3D tomographs. In the first screening phase, 240 articles were selected based on review of titles and abstracts using Rayyan. In the second phase, 44 articles were selected after full text assessment, including 13 longitudinal studies and 31 cross-sectional studies, whose quality was appraised through a 10-point grading scale. Results: The review shows that, from childhood to adulthood, the length of cranial base increases significantly, while cranial base angle remains constant; the upper and lower jaws move forward and downward. Growth spurt occurs earlier in females; however, the great extent of growth lasts longer in males. Generally, males have longer linear parameters than females (except for similar Wits appraisal between sexes); however, difference of angular measurements between sexes is insignificant, with exception for greater mandibular plane angle in females from the age of 15 onwards. The profile becomes straighter with age as the growth of the mandible is greater than that of the maxilla. Regarding racial comparisons, when compared to whites, Asians present a shorter cranial base, more retrusive mandible, and more clockwise rotated mandible; black populations have a more protrusive maxilla. Whites tend to exhibit a straighter profile than Asians and blacks. Gaps in the literature are discussed. Conclusions: Here, we aggregate and synthesize knowledge from cephalometric investigations of children with a well-balanced face and normal occlusion. Our results indicate age-, sex- and race-dependent patterns in orofacial skeletal parameters. Therefore, normative data for age, sex, and race should be taken into account for diagnosis and treatment planning to better identify and serve different populations as well as for research on craniofacial morphology"--
Download or read book A Proposed Psychosocial Consequences Model of Childhood Obesity written by Helen Anne Hayden Wade and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prevalence of pediatric obesity is rising, which has implications for long-term physical health. Obese children are at increased risk for social problems, and those obese children with clinically significant social problems are less likely to derive long-term benefit from weight loss (WL) treatment than their more socially well-adjusted overweight peers. In the current study, two new models regarding eating pathology and physical activity (PA) among overweight children were tested. This study investigated factors that mediate the relation between Percent Overweight (POV) and two outcome variables: Eating Pathology and PA Participation . Additional latent constructs examined included Level of Social Adjustment (social withdrawal, social problems, aggression) and Level of Personal Adjustment (self-esteem, teasing, loneliness, social dissatisfaction). A sample of 108 overweight (BMI 20-100%) children [mean age = 9.8(SD = 1.3), 64.8% Caucasian, mean POV = 63.5%(SD = 19.9%)], were recruited to participate in a family-based WL study. Path analyses and cross-sectional SEM were used to examine relations between observed variables. Tests of the eating-pathology model yielded excellent goodness of fit indices (ײ = 31.34, df = 24, p = .15; ײ to df ratio = 1.31; GFI = .94; NNFI = .96; CFI = .97; RMSEA = .05, 90%CI = .00-.10). Level of Personal Adjustment was found to mediate the relation between Level of Social Adjustment and Degree of Eating Pathology. Zero-order correlations revealed that increased POV was significantly related to teasing experiences (r = .23, p
Download or read book The Correlation Between Childhood Obesity and Socioeconomic Status written by Mariah J. Westlie and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a state dedicated to the health of its children and adolescents, the South Dakota Department of Health 2020 Plan contains an objective of childhood obesity being equal to or less than 14% (Biskeborn, Buhler, Cushing, Gildemaster, & Christensen, 2012). However, according to a recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 31.9% of U.S. children between the ages of 2 and 19 are overweight or obese (Williamson et al., 2009). The objective of this study was to determine if any relationship existed between childhood obesity and a low socioeconomic status. Anthropometric measurements of school-aged children as well as National School Lunch Program enrollment data were obtained from the South Dakota Department of Health in the spring of 2012. A variety of statistical analyses were performed. From the correlational analysis, a moderate positive relationship was found (r= +.385, p
Download or read book Craniofacial Morphology in Children With Obesity Or Down Syndrome With and Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea written by Corey Ng and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is common in children. Risk factors include adenotonsillar hypertrophy, obesity, and craniofacial abnormalities (e.g. Down Syndrome, DS). The aim was to describe the craniofacial morphology in children with suspected OSA referred for polysomnography (PSG) in 2 cohorts: DS and obesity. Methods: Cross-sectional study of children with DS or obesity referred for PSG at SickKids, Toronto. Orthodontic examinations, PSG, lateral cephalograms, and sleep questionnaires were completed. Results: 42 children (20 DS, 22 obese) aged 5-18 (11.9 +3.6) were included. DS with OSA (Obstructive-Apnea-Hypopnea-Index (OAHI) >1) had increased palatal depth (p=0.04); OAHI was correlated with intercanine distance (r=0.48, p=0.03). ANB angle was increased in Obesity with OSA (p=0.03); OAHI was correlated with ANB (r=0.58, p.
Download or read book Early Childhood Obesity written by Sandra Leigha Jordan and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Childhood obesity has become an epidemic in the United States over the past decade. Not only does obesity present medical problems for children, but these children can also expect to have increased morbidity and mortality from obesity as adults. Obesity prevention could greatly reduce health care spending in the U.S. and improve the quality of life among Americans. This retrospective, cross-sectional study addressed the prevalence of obesity in children entering public school kindergarten in Lincoln and Gaston Counties (N=2944), both located in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. Results revealed that 15% of kindergartners in Lincoln and Gaston County were obese and an additional 15% of children were at risk for obesity. There were no significant differences in prevalence of obesity or at risk for obesity between boys and girls or among racial groups. No relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status was found. However, odds ratios revealed that children who were obese were 2 times more likely to have high-normal blood pressure and 3.5 times more likely to have hypertension. Recommendations for prevention and treatment efforts to reduce obesity are made.
Download or read book The Medical Complications of Childhood Obesity written by Lana Michelle Bell and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [Truncated abstract] Introduction: Childhood obesity is currently a serious worldwide public health issue associated with many medical and psychosocial complications. The increasing disease burden with the potential for the development of medical co-morbidities has implications for future health care provision. This thesis adds to the understanding of the medical complications of overweight and obesity in childhood. Design and Aims: Two different, but related, research studies are reported. The first study is a cross-sectional study, designed to quantify the medical complications of childhood obesity in primary school-aged children in Western Australia. This study aims to identify the medical complications of primary school children with overweight/obesity. The study also aims to compare the medical complications of obesity in a community sample who have never sought treatment with a clinical sample who are actively seeking treatment for overweight/obesity. Finally, this study also aims to examine the relationship between the medical complications of childhood obesity and a continuum of children's Body Mass Index z-scores, including those in the normal range. The second study is an exercise intervention study to investigate the effect of exercise on one specific medical complication of obesity, namely insulin resistance. This study aims to determine if a structured eight-week exercise program significantly changes insulin resistance in obese children, and to determine if this decrease in insulin resistance is associated with changes in body composition and inflammatory markers. ... Conclusion: The prevalence of the medical complications of overweight and obesity in primary school children indicates that all children should have body mass index regularly checked from a young age. Children who are overweight/obese should be screened for the presence of co-morbidities despite a young age. Parents and health professionals needs to be educated that childhood obesity is associated with medical co-morbidities and is not simply a social or cosmetic concern. The continuous nature of the BMI z-score/co-morbidities relationship suggests that public health and health education strategies should include adopting a populationbased approach to weight management. This continuous relationship means that even in the normal BMI spectrum, the risk of developing co-morbidities rises with increasing BMI. Such an approach would encourage maintenance of normal weight for all children, rather than targeting overweight/obese children only. Increased activity and decreased sedentary behaviours should be recommended for all children in line with the population-based public health approach suggested above. However, exercise has a specific role in weight management strategies for overweight/obese children, and in management strategies for adiposityrelated co-morbidities. Significant metabolic benefits of exercise occur in the absence of changes in body shape and weight. After an exercise program, simple blood investigations (such as lipid profiles, fasting insulin and OGTTs) are likely to miss important metabolic improvements and anthropometry (BMI calculation, waist circumference) may be more indicative of potential metabolic improvement and decreased co-morbidity risk.
Download or read book Associations Among African American Parent Education Perceptions Behaviors and Child Weight Status written by Tracey Marie Barnett and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Purpose: Obesity in children and adolescents is a worldwide epidemic that is anticipated to worsen over time (Budd & Volpe, 2006; Chatterjee, Blakely, & Barton, 2005; Hossain, Kawar, & El Nahas, 2007). Within the past 30 years, the prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States has more than doubled among children and quadrupled in adolescents (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). People often have inaccurate perceptions of their body size and weight status and this may play a key role in the prevalence of obesity especially for ethnic minorities (Gillard, Lackland, Mountfored, & Egan, 2007; Hendley, et al., 2011). In order to combat child obesity, it is imperative for future research to explore the phenomenon of parent education, behaviors, perceptions and the impact on child weight status within a strong theoretical conceptual model. The purpose of this dissertation is to build a theoretical conceptual model and testable model to understand the associations among African American parent education, behaviors, and perceptions of their child's body size and the impact on their child's weight status. Methods: The School Physical Activity and Nutrition survey (SPAN) was developed using a repeated cross-sectional study design to estimate changes in body mass index (BMI) by three major racial/ethnic groups (African Americans, Hispanics, and whites/others) in Texas public school children (Hoelscher, Day, Lee, Frankowski, Kelder, Ward & Scheurer, 2003). For this study, only African American 4th grade students (n=372) and their parents (n=372) will be used. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, multiple regression, moderation, and mediation analysis. Results: Findings suggest that a parent's level of education had a direct impact on health knowledge and discrimination. Parent perceptions of their child's body size was directly associated with child weight status, but parent weight status moderated this relation. The number of children living in the home had a direct impact socioeconomic status (SES), SES had a direct impact on stress, and stress had a direct impact on parenting rules and discipline. The more physical activity parents did with their children, the lower their child's weight status, however, parent weight status mediated this relation. Lastly, as the consumption of more healthy foods increased, so did the child's weight status. Implications: The findings of this study offer a comprehensive picture of how parent education, perceptions and behaviors impact child weight status. These results highlight suggested areas that may be used by social work practitioners, researchers, and policy makers when working African American parents and their children. This study also suggests a final robust theoretical conceptual model of theory and evidence-based literature to guide future research.
Download or read book The Influence of Parenting Strategies on Childhood Obesity in Latinos written by Mohsinah Usmani and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Childhood obesity continues to be a growing epidemic in the United States, particularly among minority populations. The underlying causes of this increasing trend are complex and include personal, behavioral, and environmental factors. Research indicates that parental influences play an instrumental role in shaping children’s dietary and activity-related behaviors. However, most of the studies conducted on parenting strategies and childhood obesity have focused on Caucasian families; thus research gaps exist in examining parenting strategies among minorities such as Latinos. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 mother-child dyads in Memphis, TN, to understand the relationship between parenting strategies and childhood obesity in Latinos. A validated, culturally appropriate scale was administered to mothers, and children’s BMI was physically measured. Findings did not indicate significant relationships but give insight on future directions for research. .
Download or read book Oral Health in America written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity written by Christine L. Williams and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume, containing 24 papers and 19 poster papers, reviews the etiology and epidemiology of childhood obesity. It explores genetic and contributory environmental factors. It also describes recent research and educational efforts in prevention of the condition, including programmes aimed at high-risk minority populations.
Download or read book Temporomandibular Disorders written by American Academy of Orofacial Pain and published by Quintessence Publishing (IL). This book was released on 1993 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence written by H. Dele Davies and published by Greenwood Publishing Group. This book was released on 2008 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pt. 1. Social and behavioral development :; Risk factors for obesity in early human development /; John Worobey --; Role of physical activity in obesity prevention /; James M. Pivarnik --; Childhood overweight and academic achievement /; Sara Gable, Jnnifer L. Krull, Arathi Srikanta --; Adiposiy and internalizing problems: infancy to middle childhood /; Robert H. Bradley, Renate Houts, Phillip R. Nader, Marion O'Brien, Jay Belsky, and Robert Crosnoe --; Food marketing goes online: A content analysis of web sites for children /; Elizabeth S. Moore --; Families and obesity: a family process approach to obesity in adolescents /; Matthew P. Thorpe, Randal D. Day ;; Pt. 2. Individual differeces and ethnic variation :; Responding to the epidemic of American Indian and Alaska Native childhood obesity /; Paul Spicer, Kelly Moore --; Obesity in African Americans and Latino Americans /; Helen D. Pratt, Manmohan Kamboj, Robin Joseph ;; Pt. 3. Prevention and intervention :; Managing the overweight child /; Ihuoma Eneli, Karah Daniels Mantinan --; Parents as the primary target for healthy eating among young children /; Mildred A. Horodynski, Kami J. Silk, Michelle Henry --; Surgical treatment for obesity /; Jeff M. Gauvin --; Ethical considerations related to obesity intervention /; Leonard M. Fleck, Karen A. Petersmarck.
Download or read book Childhood Obesity and Dental Caries in an At risk Preschool Population written by Michelle Landrum and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The occurrence of both childhood obesity and dental caries - which are disproportionately high in low-income families and minority groups in the United States - can have life-long negative consequences for individuals and communities. Previous research aimed at investigating the relationship between obesity and dental caries has been inconclusive, and limited among at-risk pre-school age populations. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI)-for-age and dental caries within a purposive sample of predominately Hispanic, low-income children enrolled in a Head Start preschool program in South Texas. A purposive sample of 237 children was randomly selected for secondary data analysis. Frequencies, ANOVA, Pearson correlations, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe and analyze the data. The sample consisted of predominately Hispanic (88.2%) children with a mean age of 3.6 years. Prevalence of obesity was 23.2%, and 46.8% had dental caries. Comparison of prevalence of caries (P=0.62), untreated decay (P=0.07), ECC (P=0.38), and dmf (P=0.88) by BMI categories resulted in no significant differences. Pearson correlation analyses found no positive relationship between dmf score and BMI-for-age percentile (r = 0.017), and logistic regression analyses showed no relationship between dmf and obesity (OR=1.00, CI=.05). Increases in children's BMI category classification was associated with a slight decreased likelihood of caries (OR=0.96, CI=.05) and ECC (OR=0.98, CI=.05), but an increased likelihood of untreated decay (OR=1.42, CI=.05). Although childhood obesity and dental caries share some common etiological and facilitating risk factors, this study supports other research that suggests higher rates of both diseases among at-risk populations simply coexists. An interprofessional approach between primary healthcare professionals, dental professionals and health educators can offer a unique opportunity to prevent and treat both prevalent childhood diseases.
Download or read book Psychological Predictors and Outcomes of Childhood Overweight and Obesity written by Emily Incledon and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obesity has clear and serious consequences for physical health, many of which emerge in adulthood. For obese children, poor psychological health may be the most obvious and immediate implication of their excess adiposity but the evidence to support this is mixed, particularly for community-based (i.e. non-clinical) groups. Given that associations between psychological health and body mass index (BMI) are likely to be bidirectional, longitudinal methodologies seem best suited to clarify the nature of these relationships. Furthermore, research conducted with community-based samples may be generalizable to the wider population of overweight and obese children. However, most research to date has been cross-sectional and conducted with clinical populations of obese children. In light of these evidence gaps, the first objective of this thesis was to determine the longitudinal relationship between psychological well-being and subsequent excess adiposity gain and obesity onset across childhood and adolescence. This was addressed in a systematic review (Paper 1) and a research paper (Paper 2). The systematic review, which selected population-based studies for maximum generalizability, suggested that poorer psychological well-being may increase the incidence of obesity and contribute to obesity persistence across adolescence. However, major limitations and inconsistencies were identified in the literature. Paper 2 of this thesis addressed a gap identified in the systematic literature review- the need for further good-quality research examining individual psychological predictors of adiposity change in the overweight or obese subgroup. It employed a longitudinal cohort of 5-9 year old children who were all initially overweight or mildly obese when they presented to primary care 4 years earlier. Parallel parent proxy- and child self- reported psychosocial measures were assessed as predictors of changes in body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) standard deviation scores (i.e. BMI z-scores). Results revealed little evidence that initial psychosocial functioning impacted on subsequent BMI z-score change. However, changes in several domains of psychosocial well-being, especially in relation to body-image and appearance, were associated with concomitant BMI z-score change. A strong degree of corroboration between parents and children strengthened the validity of the findings.The second objective of the thesis was to investigate whether and how BMI was associated with psychological outcomes among non-clinical overweight or obese children. Consistent with Paper 2, Paper 3 achieved this within a cohort of 5-9 year olds recruited from primary care for their overweight or mild obesity. Results confirmed that overall, psychological well-being at 4-year follow-up was weakly predicted by concurrent BMI and when impairments were found, they were most likely for peer and eating-behaviour domains. This study extended on existing knowledge by demonstrating that changes in BMI categories also contributed little variance to the psychological outcomes of initially overweight children. The implications of this research focus on informing effective prevention strategies to reverse the current trends in youth obesity. Recommendations include targeting poor psychological well-being prior to adolescence to yield the most benefit for preventing the onset of obesity. Intervention strategies for the quarter of children in the community who are overweight or obese could incorporate modules that target peer relationship and eating problems, the most relevant psychological comorbidities of excess adiposity. Enhancing well-being in these domains would be beneficial for immediate quality of life, future mental health and potentially initiate flow-on effects that improve physical health.
Download or read book Weighing in on Education written by Guindon, Sr. (John R.) and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This quantitative causal comparative study looked to see if there was a relationship between childhood obesity and student achievement. Because of the many conflicting results in the research available, it was not known if there was a relationship between childhood obesity and student achievement among inner-city middle school students in a school in Trenton, New Jersey. This research looked to see if there was a statistical significance between obese sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students' standardized test scores versus non-obese sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students' standardized test scores. Data were collected in the form of heights and weights of 224 middle school students in Trenton, New Jersey to configure their BMI percentile as well as standardized test scores of those students during the 2011-2012 school year. This study was based on Albert Bandura's social learning cognitive theory. Pearson product moment analyses were conducted to see if there was a relationship between BMI and standardized test scores. T-tests were also conducted to see if there was a statistical significance between obese students and non-obese students in their tests scores. The results indicated that there was no correlation between BMI and standardized test scores. Further results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between obese students and non-obese students in their test scores with one exception. Statistically, seventh grade obese students scored lower on the math section of the standardized test than non-obese seventh grade students. Future research needs to be completed using middle school students but with a larger population sample size with more students from multiple middle schools.
