Download or read book A Comparison of Water Vapor Quantities from Model Short range Forecasts and ARM Observations written by J. J. Hnilo and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Model evolution and improvement is complicated by the lack of high quality observational data. To address a major limitation of these measurements the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program was formed. For the second quarter ARM metric we will make use of new water vapor data that has become available, and called the 'Merged-sounding' value added product (referred to as OBS, within the text) at three sites: the North Slope of Alaska (NSA), Darwin Australia (DAR) and the Southern Great Plains (SGP) and compare these observations to model forecast data. Two time periods will be analyzed March 2000 for the SGP and October 2004 for both DAR and NSA. The merged-sounding data have been interpolated to 37 pressure levels (e.g., from 1000hPa to 100hPa at 25hPa increments) and time averaged to 3 hourly data for direct comparison to our model output.
Download or read book A Comparison of Water Vapor Quantities from Model Short Range Forecasts and ARM Observations written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Model evolution and improvement is complicated by the lack of high quality observational data. To address a major limitation of these measurements the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program was formed. For the second quarter ARM metric we will make use of new water vapor data that has become available, and called the "Mergedsounding" value added product (referred to as OBS, within the text) at three sites: the North Slope of Alaska (NSA), Darwin Australia (DAR) and the Southern Great Plains (SGP) and compare these observations to model forecast data. Two time periods will be analyzed March 2000 for the SGP and October 2004 for both DAR and NSA. The merged-sounding data have been interpolated to 37 pressure levels (e.g., from 1000hPa to 100hPa at 25hPa increments) and time averaged to 3 hourly data for direct comparison to our model output.
Download or read book The Determination of the Relative Quantities of Aqueous Vapor in the Atmosphere by Means of the Absorption Lines of the Spectrum written by L. E. Jewell and published by . This book was released on 1896 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists written by and published by . This book was released on 1961-05 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.
Download or read book Monthly Weather Review written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 1164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thriving on Our Changing Planet A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities â€" social, economic, security, and more â€" that such knowledge can bring. By continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space (National Academies Press, 2018) provides detailed guidance on how relevant federal agencies can ensure that the United States receives the maximum benefit from its investments in Earth observations from space, while operating within realistic cost constraints. This short booklet, designed to be accessible to the general public, provides a summary of the key ideas and recommendations from the full decadal survey report.
Download or read book Final Report for ARM Project Measuring 4 D Water Vapor Fields with GPS written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water vapor is a primary element in the Earth's climate system. Atmospheric water vapor is central to cloud processes, radiation transfer, and the hydrological cycle. Using funding from Department of Energy (DOE) grant DE-FG03-02ER63327, the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) developed new observational techniques to measure atmospheric water vapor and applied these techniques to measure four dimensional water vapor fields throughout the United States Southern Great Plains region. This report summarizes the development of a new observation from ground based Global Positioning System (GPS) stations called Slant Water Vapor (SW) and it's utilization in retrieving four dimensional water vapor fields. The SW observation represents the integrated amount of water vapor between a GPS station and a transmitting satellite. SW observations provide improved temporal and spatial sampling of the atmosphere when compared to column-integrated quantities such as preciptitable water vapor (PW). Under funding from the DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program, GPS networks in the Southern Great Plains (SGP) region were deployed to retrieve SW to improve the characterization of water vapor throughout the region. These observations were used to estimate four dimensional water vapor fields using tomographic approaches and through assimilation into the MM5 numerical weather model.
Download or read book Atmospheric Rivers written by F. Martin Ralph and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-10 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the standard reference based on roughly 20 years of research on atmospheric rivers, emphasizing progress made on key research and applications questions and remaining knowledge gaps. The book presents the history of atmospheric-rivers research, the current state of scientific knowledge, tools, and policy-relevant (science-informed) problems that lend themselves to real-world application of the research—and how the topic fits into larger national and global contexts. This book is written by a global team of authors who have conducted and published the majority of critical research on atmospheric rivers over the past years. The book is intended to benefit practitioners in the fields of meteorology, hydrology and related disciplines, including students as well as senior researchers.
Download or read book Remotely Sensed Specific Humidity in the Extratropical Mid to upper Troposphere written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water vapor plays a principal role in the atmosphere's radiation balance, circulation and thermodynamics. In previous research, geostationary observations of water vapor as relative humidity have improved the understanding of synoptic-scale water vapor transport in remote areas. In addition, observations of brightness temperature from the water vapor channel have complemented the analysis of stratosphere/troposphere exchange in the midlatitudes. These efforts as well as others would be aided by the observation of water vapor amount, measured as specific humidity, rather than relative humidity or brightness temperature. This project describes the creation and validation of a derived product image of specific humidity in the mid-to-upper troposphere, using the GOES water vapor channel in combination with temperature information from the Eta atmospheric model. It is theorized that this product captures variations of a vertically-weighted average of specific humidity to a significant level of precision at the same horizontal resolution as the water vapor channel. The derived product image, called the altered water vapor product, T6.7alt, originates from the application of the Clausius-Clapyron equation to a previously documented relationship between water vapor channel brightness temperature and relative humidity. The domain of the product is limited by the correspondence between the modeled layer and actual layer to which the water vapor channel is most sensitive. Using as its input the summer, winter and annual averages of temperature and humidity as a function of latitude and height, a radiative transfer model illustrates that the horizontal domain over which the product has reasonable accuracy extends to zenith angles of 70 to 80 degrees, depending on the aridity of the atmosphere. In the vertical analysis, an examination of outlier points in a preliminary regression also demonstrates that strong discontinuities of moisture in the midtroposphere, such as in tropopause depressions, introduce significant bias to the model. The physical variables included in the model are tested for optimality through a series of statistical tests that compares the precision of the product using the hypothesized form of the term with the precision using an alternative, perturbed form of the term. The model was validated with a five-day, ten-scene case study from the NARE 197 intensive experiment. The regression between the derived product T6.7alt and Eta-modeled yielded an R2 that averaged 0.609 for the ten scenes. The mean average error (MAE) averaged 0.202 (3.20 K) and the RMSE averaged 0.257 (4.09 K), which corresponds to relative errors in specific humidity of 20.2% and 25.7%, respectively. Systematic error accounted for only 6.6% of the total error, indicating that the slope of the modeled relationship is robust. The model also outperformed the regression between T6.7 and ln(q). In the spatial analysis of error, several sources of observation error - displacement, gradient error and sub-grid features - were found to dominate the differences between observed and modeled specific humidity. Errors in the model, in the forms of "low-moisture bias," zenith angle bias and temperature error, also created important disparities. A spatial comparison also demonstrated a close correspondence between the altered brightness temperature product and mid-to-upper tropospheric potential vorticity, which is a tracer of stratospheric air. However, the derived product failed to capture gradients of potential vorticity in regions of high potential vorticity because of low moisture bias and possibly because of entrained moisture. At the very least, the altered water vapor product amounts to a value-added alteration of the GOES water vapor image. The product could aid in forecasting by gauging in high resolution the moisture gradients associated with fronts and the gradients in latent heat that sustain frontal strength. Furthermore, the product is the most effective operational tool available for tracing the intrusion of stratospheric ozone into the troposphere. Future applications of this research include the use of temperature information from other atmospheric models and the extension of the theory to GOES sounder channels.
Download or read book Spring Meeting written by American Geophysical Union. Meeting and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ARM Program written by D. D. Turner and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Assessment of Intraseasonal to Interannual Climate Prediction and Predictability written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-09-08 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More accurate forecasts of climate conditions over time periods of weeks to a few years could help people plan agricultural activities, mitigate drought, and manage energy resources, amongst other activities; however, current forecast systems have limited ability on these time- scales. Models for such climate forecasts must take into account complex interactions among the ocean, atmosphere, and land surface. Such processes can be difficult to represent realistically. To improve the quality of forecasts, this book makes recommendations about the development of the tools used in forecasting and about specific research goals for improving understanding of sources of predictability. To improve the accessibility of these forecasts to decision-makers and researchers, this book also suggests best practices to improve how forecasts are made and disseminated.
Download or read book Mixed Phase Clouds written by Constantin Andronache and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed-Phase Clouds: Observations and Modeling presents advanced research topics on mixed-phase clouds. As the societal impacts of extreme weather and its forecasting grow, there is a continuous need to refine atmospheric observations, techniques and numerical models. Understanding the role of clouds in the atmosphere is increasingly vital for current applications, such as prediction and prevention of aircraft icing, weather modification, and the assessment of the effects of cloud phase partition in climate models. This book provides the essential information needed to address these problems with a focus on current observations, simulations and applications. Provides in-depth knowledge and simulation of mixed-phase clouds over many regions of Earth, explaining their role in weather and climate Features current research examples and case studies, including those on advanced research methods from authors with experience in both academia and the industry Discusses the latest advances in this subject area, providing the reader with access to best practices for remote sensing and numerical modeling
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Understanding Climate Change Feedbacks written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-01-02 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past decade, scientists have learned much about the complex natural processes that influence climate variability and change, and our ability to model climate has increased significantly. We also have begun to better identify those parts of the climate system that are particularly important and not well understood and that therefore limit our ability to project the future evolution of Earth's climate. One of these critical areas is our understanding of the role of feedbacks in the climate system and their role in determining climate sensitivity. Feedbacks are processes in the climate system that can either amplify or dampen the system's response to changed forcings. This study looks at what is known and not known about climate change feedbacks and seeks to identify the feedback processes most in need of improved understanding. It identifies key observations needed to monitor and understand climate feedbacks, discusses ways to evaluate progress in understanding climate feedbacks, recommends ways to improve climate modeling and analysis for climate feedbacks research, and identifies priority areas for research.
Download or read book Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Operational Weather Forecasting written by Peter Michael Inness and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a complete primer, covering the end-to-end process of forecast production, and bringing together a description of all the relevant aspects together in a single volume; with plenty of explanation of some of the more complex issues and examples of current, state-of-the-art practices. Operational Weather Forecasting covers the whole process of forecast production, from understanding the nature of the forecasting problem, gathering the observational data with which to initialise and verify forecasts, designing and building a model (or models) to advance those initial conditions forwards in time and then interpreting the model output and putting it into a form which is relevant to customers of weather forecasts. Included is the generation of forecasts on the monthly-to-seasonal timescales, often excluded in text-books despite this type of forecasting having been undertaken for several years. This is a rapidly developing field, with a lot of variations in practices between different forecasting centres. Thus the authors have tried to be as generic as possible when describing aspects of numerical model design and formulation. Despite the reliance on NWP, the human forecaster still has a big part to play in producing weather forecasts and this is described, along with the issue of forecast verification – how forecast centres measure their own performance and improve upon it. Advanced undergraduates and postgraduate students will use this book to understand how the theory comes together in the day-to-day applications of weather forecast production. In addition, professional weather forecasting practitioners, professional users of weather forecasts and trainers will all find this new member of the RMetS Advancing Weather and Climate series a valuable tool. Provides an end-to-end description of the weather forecasting process Clearly structured and pitched at an accessible level, the book discusses the practical choices that operational forecasting centres have to make in terms of what numerical models they use and when they are run. Takes a very practical approach, using real life case-studies to contextualize information Discusses the latest advances in the area, including ensemble methods, monthly to seasonal range prediction and use of ‘nowcasting’ tools such as radar and satellite imagery Full colour throughout Written by a highly respected team of authors with experience in both academia and practice. Part of the RMetS book series ‘Advancing Weather and Climate’
