Download or read book A Comparison Between Binary and Fractional Snow cover Products for Simulating Streamflow in the Snowmelt Runoff Model written by Kenneth S. Peterson and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) is an important hydrological tool for snowmelt modeling and streamflow forecasts. Several snowmelt models, including SRM, rely on remotely sensed snow-cover extent as an input data set. The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracies of two independent snow mapping algorithms derived from identical Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images as inputs into SRM. Here, snow-cover estimates from a simple binary snow-covered area (BSCA) algorithm are compared to estimates from the more computationally intensive Thematic Mapper Snow-Covered Area and Grain Size (TMSCAG) algorithm, which computes sub-pixel fractional snow-cover. The SRM was run in two basins located in Rocky Mountain National park, the headwaters of the Big Thompson River (357.4 km2) for five snowmelt seasons, and Loch Vale basin (6.9 km2) for four snowmelt seasons. In the Big Thompson basin, a significantly greater difference (paired two sample for means t-test) in mean snow-covered area (SCA) was calculated using the BSCA method in three of four SRM Elevation Zones from an average of 38 TM images. In the Loch Vale basin, a significantly greater mean SCA was calculated using the TMSCAG method in one of two SRM Elevation Zones. The difference in SCA between snow mapping methods is greatest in more heavily forested regions, with a greater mean SCA calculated from the BSCA method in these zones. Both snow mapping techniques produced satisfactory R2 values (Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient) and differences in total runoff volume D[subscript v] values were 0.89, -5.3% and 0.88, 2.6% for the BSCA and TMSCAG methods, respectively. In the Loch Vale basin the respective values were 0.82, 9.8% and 0.85, 6.0% for the BSCA and TMSCAG methods. The snow water equivalences (SWE) were reconstructed from the accumulated zonal melt depths of each snow mapping technique only in Elevation Zone-2 of the Big Thompson basin and compared with in situ SWE measurements from two SNOTEL sites (Bear Lake and Willow Park), both located within that Elevation Zone. The TMSCAG method reconstructed SWE was on average 11.7% less than measured SNOTEL SWE, while the BSCA method over-calculated SWE by an average of 55.4%. While both snow mapping methods produced satisfactory results in SRM, the TMSCAG method in general outperformed the BSCA method in R2, D[subscript v], and SWE reconstruction. While the accuracies of the two snow mapping algorithms where not assessed, the SWE reconstruction acted as a pseudo validation measurement.
Download or read book Digital Simulation of Snowmelt Runoff written by Robert G. Merritt and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Simulating the Evolution of Seasonal Snowcover and Snowmelt Runoff Using a Distributed Energy Balance Model written by Sally Libbey Letsinger and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Runoff from Snowmelt written by United States. Army. Corps of Engineers and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Simulation of Snowmelt runoff in Lowland and Lower Alpine Regions of Switzerland written by Ludwig N. Braun and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Schneeschmelzmodelle - Hochwasser - Geologie.
Download or read book The Snowmelt runoff Model SRM User s Manual written by J. Martinec and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modelling Snowmelt induced Processes written by International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Scientific Assembly and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Snowmelt and Streamflow in the Central Sierra Nevada written by Lee Harold MacDonald and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both forest harvest and cloud-seeding are believed to enhance late spring runoff in snow-dominated areas. This study used a water balance model and a field experiment to investigate the linkage between late-season snowmelt and streamflow in the mid-elevation snow zone of California's Central Sierra Nevada. The field experiment was designed to simulate the hydrologic effects of cutting small forest openings. The simulated snowmelt also created a statistically significantly lag in the soil moisture drying curves between the treated and the control plots. Tensiometer and soil moisture block data indicated that this difference persisted for at least 4-6 weeks in most locations. A bromide tracer was added to the simulated snowmelt. Less than one percent of the tracer left the catchment as surface flow in the summer following the experiment. The highest bromide concentrations were observed during high runoff events in the following winter. Suction lysimeters indicated that the initial movement of the tracer was largely consistent with a simple advection equation. Declining hydraulic conductivity due to evapotranspiration and gravitational drainage was the most important factor limiting the downslope movement of the simulated snowmelt. The porous bedrock in the experimental catchment makes it difficult to extrapolate to other sites. Nevertheless, the results suggest that cutting small forest openings to capture snow and delay melt will prove ineffective. Delayed or increased snowmelt can enhance late spring and early summer streamflow, but it is unlikely to increase late summer streamflow in the mid-elevation snow zone of the Central Sierra Nevada.--Adapted from abstract.
Download or read book A Comparison of Snowmelt derived Streamflow from Temperature index and Modified temperature index Snow Models written by Michael L. Follum and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proceedings of the Western Snow Conference written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Snowmelt Runoff Modelling written by Bikas Chandra Bhattarai and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011-07 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of global warming on glaciers of Nepal has serious implications for the fresh water reserve. Increase in temperature and precipitation in Himalayas accelerates the process of snow melting as well as enhances flooding event from direct runoff whereas dry season discharge is decreased. The major concern is rapid reduction of glaciers in much of the Himalayan region and shifting upwards of snow line. Very few literatures are available on snowmelt runoff modeling. This book summaries research design and the SRM model and the required data for run this model. It gives the detail outline of temperature index i.e. Positive Degree Day, PDD models, Snow Melt Runoff, SRM simulation and climate change assessment procedures and data preparation for model run. It deals about the data acquisition, its pre-processing and the post-processing such as to make them ready for the input to the simulation model. This book can be useful for the researchers who are interested to investigate the contribution of snow melt in stream flow of snow-fed stream and impact of climate change on water resources.
Download or read book Intercomparison of Models of Snowmelt Runoff written by World Meteorological Organization and published by World Meteorological Organization. This book was released on 1986 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Runoff from Snowmelt written by and published by . This book was released on 1998-03-01 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual provides technical background and guidance for computing basin snowmelt runoff as is necessary in the design and operation of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) water control projects. This manual discusses the basic theoretical principles of snow hydrology and the practical applications of this theory in forecasting and design. It summarizes several important snowmelt runoff models and offers guidelines for model selection. This manual represents an update of EM 1110-2-1406, Runoff from Snowmelt, dated 5 January 1960, which is now obsolete. While many of the basic principles and techniques presented in that manual have been retained, numerous advancements in computer, communications, and data acquisition technologies are now reflected. This manual is applicable to USACE offices in which snow hydrology considerations affect runoff and streamflow derivations.
Download or read book Application of the Precipitation runoff Modeling System to the Ah shi sle pah Wash Watershed San Juan County New Mexico written by H. R. Hejl and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of MODIS Snow Cover Products for Use in Streamflow Prediction Systems written by Logan Ray Karsten and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quantifying and Modeling Subgrid Scale Snow Depth Variability in Forested Areas Throughout Multiple Climates in the Western United States written by William Ryan Currier and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mountain snowpack provides natural storage of freshwater. This natural storage far exceeds the extent of manmade reservoirs. Furthermore, watersheds throughout the western United States can be predominantly covered in forests. Forests decrease atmospheric winds, alter the amount of incoming radiation, and intercept snowfall, leading to significant variation in snow depth throughout the forest. Snow depth variability influences the magnitude, timing, and temperature of streamflow. Additionally, snow depth variability can drive ecological processes and affect the energy exchanged between the land and the atmosphere. To quantify snow depth variability in forests, spatially continuous, high-resolution (1-3 m) observations are needed at watershed extents. Chapter I of this dissertation evaluates the ability for airborne lidar to derive snow depth underneath the canopy by comparing airborne lidar to terrestrial lidar and snow depth probe transects from NASA's 2017 SnowEx campaign. Differences between gridded airborne lidar and ground-based observations did not increase underneath the canopy. Airborne lidar observations were therefore used in Chapter 2 to examine forest snow depth variability in four different snow climates throughout the western United States. In the Jemez Mountains, NM and in Tuolumne, CA, snow depth differences between north and south-facing sides of the canopy were statistically significant and greater than or equal to the difference between areas underneath the canopy and in the open. To account for this variability, a tiling parameterization, was incorporated into the Distributed Hydrologic and Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM). The tiling parameterization explicitly simulates radiation differences within the forest and accounts for horizontal forest structure by using classifications from high-resolution vegetation maps. The tile parameterization therefore tested the impact of explicit forest representation on simulated snow water equivalent (SWE) and streamflow compared to the original implicit representation in three watersheds throughout the western United States. In Jemez, NM, where forests were relatively sparse and trees were 10.2 m tall, the tile model's grid-cell average snow disappearance date (SDD) was 12 days earlier and peak streamflow occurred 20-days earlier than the original model. In the Chiwawa, WA, where forests were dense and 17.2 m tall, SDD was 11 days later and late-season streamflow increased up to 11-13%. Despite statistically different snow depth distributions, forest edges had a relatively small effect on simulated streamflow (2-6%). However, grid cell average ablation rates and streamflow were primarily impacted by tiled grid cells, which only contained exposed and forested areas. The contrasting responses between the Jemez and Chiwawa were primarily controlled by the grid cells average fractional forest cover and the forest's radiation attenuation, which is a function of tree height and the sun's elevation angle. Ultimately, DHSVM's tile parameterization is a tool that more realistically represents forest radiation and while forest-edge contributions were relatively small within the existing forest structure, going forward, forest managers could use the tile parameterization to better understand how changes in the forest structure (e.g. maximizing forest shading) affect streamflow.
Download or read book Model based Snow Cover Mapping from Remote Sensing Data for Operational Snowmelt Runoff Forecasts written by Charlotte A.M. Steinmeier and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
