Download or read book A Comparative Analysis of the Seismic Characteristics of Cavity Decoupled Nuclear and Chemical Explosions written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Successful seismic monitoring of any eventual Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty will require the development of a capability to identify signals from small cavity decoupled nuclear explosions from among the numerous signals to be expected from earthquakes, rockbursts and chemical explosion (CE) events of comparable magnitude. The investigations summarized in this report center on a variety of comparative analyses of observed and simulated seismic data corresponding to decoupled nuclear explosions with data recorded from both tamped and near-surface, ripple-fired CE events. More specifically, seismic data recorded from cavity decoupled nuclear tests in both the U.S. and former Soviet Union are used to assess the relative seismic coupling efficiencies of the different types of CE events and to evaluate potential seismic discriminants which might be used to identify the various source types. The results of these comparison studies indicate that tamped CE events with yields on the order of 7 tons and ripple fired CE events with yields in the 70-100 ton range can be expected to produce near-regional ground motion levels comparable to those expected from fully decoupled 1 kt nuclear explosions at Azgir.
Download or read book Seismic Identification Analyses of Cavity Decoupled Nuclear and Chemical Explosions written by John R. Murphy and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Analyses of the Seismic Characteristics of U S and Russian Cavity Decoupled Explosions written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents a summary of the initial results of an on-going joint research program in which S-CUBED scientists are working with Russian scientists from the Institute for Dynamics of the Geospheres in an attempt to develop a better understanding of the effects of cavity decoupling on the seismic signals produced by underground nuclear explosions. This program includes analyses of seismic data recorded from a series of 10 tamped and 12 decoupled HE tests which were conducted in cavities of different sizes and shapes in Kirghizia in 1960, a theoretical evaluation of the influence of radiation diffusion effects on nuclear cavity decoupling efficiency and an analysis of data recorded from six small (0.01 to 0.50 kt) Russian nuclear tests conducted in a 32 m radius, water-filled cavity in salt at the Azgir test site. (MM).
Download or read book Analysis of the Seismic Characteristics of U S and Russian Cavity Decoupled Explosions written by J. R. Murphy and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cavity decoupling evasion scenario remains as the greatest challenge to effective seismic monitoring of any eventual CTBT. However, despite the fact that the feasibility of this evasion concept was experimentally established nearly 30 years ago by the U.S. STERLING test, a number of issues of importance with respect to seismic monitoring still remain unresolved. In an attempt to address some of these issues, we have been working with scientists from the Russian Institute For Dynamics of the Geospheres to integrate the limited U.S. and Russian data and modeling experience into a uniform database on cavity decoupling. During the past year, our research has centered on analyses of data recorded from an extensive series of Russian HE cavity decoupling tests conducted in Kirghizia in 1960 and on analyses of seismic data recorded from six Russian nuclear tests conducted in a water-filled cavity at Azgir. The Kirghizia HE cavity decoupling series consisted of 10 tamped and 12 cavity tests in limestone, and included tests of the same yield in both spherical and nonspherical cavities of equal volume. Comparisons of near-field seismic data recorded from these tests indicate that the low frequency decoupling effectiveness is approximately independent of cavity shape for roughly cylindrical cavities with length to width ratios of 6 or more, in agreement with previous theoretical simulation results. Spectral analyses of waveform data recorded at the same distances from 1.0 ton tamped explosions and from a 1.0 ton decoupled test in a spherical cavity with a radius of 2.88 m indicate a maximum low frequency decoupling factor of about 25 for this test.
Download or read book High Frequency Seismic Source Characteristics of Cavity Decoupled Underground Nuclear Explosions written by J. R. Murphy and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research investigated the high frequency characteristics of the seismic sources corresponding to cavity decoupled nuclear explosions and to assess the implications of these investigations with regard to the detection and discrimination of small decoupled explosions. This study has been carried out using a combination of deterministic simulations and analyses of empirical data recorded from selected cavity decoupled explosions. With regard to the deterministic simulations, a series of nonlinear finite difference calculations have been performed to simulate cavity decoupled explosions in unsaturated tuff and salt emplacement media. These simulations have confirmed the fact that the simple step pressure approximation is not valid at high frequencies and that the initial pressure spike on the cavity wall can induce significant nonlinear response. Preliminary analyses of high frequency seismic data recorded from the STERLING decoupled explosion in salt and the MILL YARD decoupled explosion in unsaturated tuff have provided evidence that the high frequency source components associated with the complex cavity pressure loadings do effectively couple into the seismic regime, in agreement with the predictions of the nonlinear finite difference simulations.
Download or read book Further Studies of the Seismic Characteristics of Russian Explosions in Cavities Implications for Cavity Decoupling of Underground Nuclear Explosions written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides a summary of the results of a joint research program under which scientists from S-CUBED have been working with scientists from the Russian Institute for Dynamics of the Geospheres in an attempt to develop a better understanding of the effects of cavity decoupling on the seismic signals produced by underground nuclear explosions. Investigations conducted under this program have focused on analyses of seismic data recorded from a series of HE cavity decoupling experiments conducted by the Russians in Kirghizia in 1960, and from a sequence of nuclear tests conducted in a water-filled cavity at the Soviet Azgir test site during the period 1975-1979. The Kirghizia series included tests designed to assess the influence of cavity geometry on decoupling effectiveness, and comparisons of near-field seismic data recorded from these tests indicate that the low frequency decoupling factor is independent of cavity shape for elongated cavities with length to width ratios of 6 or more, in agreement with previous theoretical simulation results. Broadband seismic data recorded from the Azgir water-filled cavity tests are analyzed to estimate cavity/tamped source spectral ratios, and the results are compared with theoretical finite difference simulations of these tests.
Download or read book Analysis and Simulation of Cavity Decoupled Chemical Explosions written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We analyze data from two sets of decoupled chemical explosions. NORSAR has obtained data from seven decoupled chemical explosions conducted from 1987-2002 in Alvdalen, Sweden, recorded both in he near field and on regional seismic stations NORES, HAGFORS, and NORSAR. The explosions were conducted in three granite chambers at a depth of approximately 100 meters in chambers with volumes of 200, 300 and 1000 m and yields ranging from 2500 kg to 10,000 kg. The smallest explosion in the largest chamber is almost fully decoupled while the other explosions are partially coupled, overdriven by up to a factor of 25. The data show that decoupling remains fairly constant for overdrive up to about a factor of 10, then decreases rapidly at higher yields. 1D and 3D simulations of these explosions are performed to model the data. IDG has digitized a set of surface seismic data recorded from a series of Soviet high-explosive cavity decoupling tests conducted in a mine in Kirghizia in the summer of 1960.
Download or read book The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-04-29 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report reviews and updates the 2002 National Research Council report, Technical Issues Related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). This report also assesses various topics, including: the plans to maintain the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile without nuclear-explosion testing; the U.S. capability to detect, locate, and identify nuclear explosions; commitments necessary to sustain the stockpile and the U.S. and international monitoring systems; and potential technical advances countries could achieve through evasive testing and unconstrained testing. Sustaining these technical capabilities will require action by the National Nuclear Security Administration, with the support of others, on a strong scientific and engineering base maintained through a continuing dynamic of experiments linked with analysis, a vigorous surveillance program, adequate ratio of performance margins to uncertainties. This report also emphasizes the use of modernized production facilities and a competent and capable workforce with a broad base of nuclear security expertise.
Download or read book An Analysis of the Seismic Source Characteristics of Explosions in Low Coupling Dry Porous Media written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dependence of seismic source coupling of underground nuclear explosions on the characteristics of the Q explosion source medium is an important consideration in any assessment of nuclear test monitoring capability. In particular, while experience has indicated that normal depth explosions in almost all hardrock and water saturated emplacement media (i.e., "good-coupling" media) are roughly consistent with a single nib/yield relation for any fixed tectonic source region, explosions in dry, porous media such as the dry tuffs and alluvium found above the water table at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), are typically observed to have m(b) values at a given yield that are lower than those in hardrock by about 0.50 +/- 0.25 magnitude units. With the exception of the complex cavity decoupling evasion scenario, which is not always feasible, explosions in such low-coupling media define the lower bound on the detection capability required to successfully monitor small, clandestine underground nuclear tests. However, at the present time, no fully reliable seismic source model is available to support quantitative analyses of broadband data recorded from such explosions.
Download or read book Analysis of Two Decoupled Explosion Simulations written by Thomas C. Bache and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two axisymmetric ground motion calculations were carried out by Applied Theory, Incorporated to simulate 25 kt decoupled nuclear explosions in mined cavities in salt. One cavity was spherical with a radius of 66 meters while the other was a 3/1 aspect ratio ellipsoid of revolution. Both had the same volume. Results of the two calculations were analyzed to determine the character of the teleseismic body and surface waves. The spherically symmetric portion of the field is slightly (20-25%) smaller for the spherical cavity. Compared to results of tamped explosions, the decoupling factor for this case is about 140 at one Hertz. The radiation from the ellipsoidal cavity is substantially perturbed from spherical symmetry; the maximum S wave amplitudes are nearly three times as large as maximum P wave amplitudes at 1.0 Hz. However, theoretical body and surface wave seismograms indicate that the M sub B and M sub S values are not substantially different for the two cavities.
Download or read book Monitoring a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty written by Eystein S. Husebye and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 843 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An international treaty banning the testing of any nuclear device in any environment - a comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT) - has been on the political agenda for nearly 40 years. Objections to a CTBT have been political, technical, or a combination of both. However, the possibilities seem better after the end of the Cold War. In the prevailing, cooperative disarmament climate a CTBT appears likely to be approved by most countries in 1996. Hence the great current interest in monitoring technologies and capabilities. Such issues are comprehensively addressed here, a preamble being devoted to the political developments and setbacks over the past 40 years. Since seismic means are considered the dominant monitoring element, they are explored in detail. Contributions cover network deployments, advanced signal processing, wave propagation in heterogeneous media, and seismic source representations, and a variety of techniques for source classification (including neural networks). Complementary monitoring techniques, such as hydroacoustics, radionuclides and infrasound, are also summarised. The IAEA operation for monitoring compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty is also presented. The book also includes eyewitness accounts of the Soviet 50 Mt megabomb development and test, as well as the efforts made by the state to monitor the nuclear test programmes of the western powers. Includes some 33 articles written by distinguished scientists active in CTBT monitoring research for decades.
Download or read book Dealing with Decoupled Nuclear Explosions Under a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The detonation of nuclear explosions in large underground cavities so as to muffle or decouple the seismic waves they generated has been debated for more than 35 years. This report reviews the history of the decoupling concept, assesses what countries have the technological capabilities to carry out such a test of a given yield, and evaluates a number of decoupling scenarios. I conclude that testing with large decoupling factors, DF, is feasible for yields of a few kilotons (kt) or larger only in cavities in salt domes. Past nuclear explosions conducted in salt for which cavities may remain standing that are large enough for the full decoupling of explosions with yields greater than or equal 0.5 kt are concentrated in only a few areas of Kazakhstan and Russia. The existence of all cavities of that size that were created by past nuclear explosions is known since the explosions that created those cavities must be at least 20 times larger in yield than the size of a fully decoupled event that can be detonated in them. Hence, the monitoring of cavities created in that way that may remain standing should be relatively easy at the 1 kt level if appropriate verification measures are put in place. While large cavities can be created in salt by solution mining, no country is known to have evacuated such a cavity of brine and then conducted a decoupled nuclear explosion in it. (MM).
Download or read book Regional Seismic Detection Analyses of Selected Soviet Peaceful Nuclear Explosions written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seismic detection of small, evasively tested underground nuclear explosions remain as a major challenge to effective verification of any eventual CTBT. Most seismic detection research reported to date has focused on analyses of regional seismic signals recorded from explosions at the few known nuclear weapons test sites and, consequently, represent only limited ranges of the source and propagation path conditions of potential monitoring interest. In this study, we analyze regional seismic data recorded at the Borovoye station in Central Asia from a selected group of Soviet PNE tests which sample wider ranges of the source and propagation path variables of interest. The results of these analyses have indicated that it will in general be difficult to seismically detect low-yield, cavity decoupled nuclear explosions, even with high quality stations at regional distance of 100 or less, and that additional research will be required to optimize the seismic networks and signal processing systems needed to monitor such clandestine tests.
Download or read book Seismic Coupling of Nuclear Explosions written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new Giant Magnet Experimental Facility employing digital recording of explosion induced motion has been constructed and successfully tested. Particle velocity and piezoresistance gage responses can be measured simultaneously thus providing the capability for determining the multi-component stress-strain history in the test material. This capability provides the information necessary for validation of computer models used in simulation of nuclear underground testing, chemical explosion testing, dynamic structural response, earth penetration response, and etc. This report discusses fully coupled and cavity decoupled explosions of the same energy (0.622 kJ) were carried out as experiments to study wave propagation and attenuation in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). These experiments produced particle velocity time histories at strains from 2 × 10{sup -3} to as low as 5.8 × 10{sup -6}. Other experiments in PMMA, reported recently by Stout and Larson8 provide additional particle velocity data to strains of 10{sup -1}.
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions written by Ola Dahlman and published by Elsevier Science & Technology. This book was released on 1977 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Calculations on Seismic Coupling of Underground Explosions in Salt written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report details the results of a theoretical study of seismic coupling and decoupling of underground explosions in a salt medium. A series of chemical and nuclear explosions was carried out years ago in salt domes for the Cowboy and the Dribble programs to provide experimental data on seismic coupling for both tamped explosions and explosions in cavities. The Cowboy program consisted of a series of chemical explosions, and the Dribble program consisted of the tamped nuclear Salmon event, the Sterling nuclear event in the Salmon cavity, and an associated site calibration effort. This report presents the results of extensive computer calculations, which are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The calculations were extended to give general results on seismic coupling in salt. The measure of seismic coupling for most of this work was the residual reduced displacement potential (residual RDP). The decoupling associated with a shot in a cavity was expressed as the ratio of the resulting residual RDP to that of an equal-sized tamped shot.
